| Author: |
Frank Kempken & Christian Jung
|
| Release at: | 2010 |
| Pages: | 683 |
| Edition: |
Volume 64, Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry
|
| File Size: | 5 MB |
| File Type: | |
| Language: | English |
t>Description of Genetic Modification of Plants Volume 64: Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry (PDF)
Genetic Modification of Plants Volume 64 by Frank Kempken & Christian Jung is a great Biotechnology book available in (eBook) PDF download. Today modern agriculture is facing new challenges. Total yields have to be increased due to the continuing population growth of mankind and due to changing food consumption. However, the global climate creates new problems but also new opportunities for agriculture.
For more than a decade the yearly yield increases of major food staples have been on the decline, which is due to optimized production systems like the application of mineral fertilizer and crop protection measures. But also the yield increases due to genetic improvement of crops have been stagnating. Obviously, we are approaching yield barriers for a number of crops, which creates a need for innovation in breeding systems.
Content of Genetic Modification of Plants Volume 64: Biotechnology in Agriculture and Forestry (PDF)
Part A Generation and Analysis of Transgenic Plants
1 Plant Nuclear Transformation 3
John J. Finer
1.1 Introduction to Plant Transformation. 3
1.1.1 DNA Introduction Basics. 3
1.2 Transient Expression 4
1.2.1 Optimization of Transient Expression 5
1.2.2 Transient Expression to Study Gene Expression and Stability 5
1.3 Agrobacterium Background . 6
1.3.1 A String of Improvements for Agrobacterium . 7
1.3.2 Agrobacterium– Plant Interactions . 8
1.3.3 Reducing Agents . 8
1.3.4 Agroinfiltration . 9
1.3.5 Arabidopsis Floral Dip . 9
1.4 Particle Bombardment . 10
1.4.1 Gene Guns 11
1.4.2 Optimization of DNA Delivery 11
1.4.3 Control of DNA Integration Patterns12
1.5 Other Direct DNA UptakeApproaches 12
1.5.1 Protoplasts 13
1.5.2 Whole Tissue Electroporation . 13
1.5.3 Silicon Carbide Whiskers 14
1.5.4 Nanofiber Arrays 14
1.5.5 Pollen Tube Pathway. 15
1.6 Evidence for Transformation16
1.6.1 DNA Presence 16
1.6.2 Gene Expression 17
1.7 Conclusions 18
References 18
2 Plastid Transformation 23
Heribert Warzecha and Anna Hennig
2.1 Introduction 23
2.2 Delivery of Transforming DNA to the Chloroplast . 24
2.3 Vector Design27
2.3.1 Flanking Regions 27
2.3.2 Promoters and UTRs. 29
2.4 Transgene Stacking and Control of Gene Expression . 30
2.5 Selection 31
2.5.1 Antibiotic Resistance Markers 31
2.5.2 Other Selection Markers . 32
2.6 Marker Gene Excision . 32
2.7 Analysis . 33
2.8 Conclusions 34
References 34
3 Concepts of Marker Genes for Plants . 39
Josef Kraus
3.1 Introduction 39
3.2 Criteria for Choosing the Marker Gene System . 40
3.3 Availability of Selectable Marker Gene Systems and Alternatives . 42
3.3.1 Positive Selection Marker 42
3.3.2 Alternative Systems 47
3.3.3 Screenable Marker Genes 51
3.3.4 Negative Selection Marker . 52
3.3.5 Marker-Free Transformation Without Usage of Any Marker Gene . 52
3.4 Conclusions and Perspective53
References 54
4 Precise Breeding Through All-Native DNA Transformation61
Caius M. Rommens
4.1 Introduction 61
4.2 Examples of the Intragenic Modification in Potato . 62
4.3 Requirements for the All-Native DNA Transformation of Potato . 65
4.4 Intragenic Tomato (S. esculentum): Concentrating the Quality Potential of Tomato into its Fruit . 67
4.5 Exploring the Diversity of Solanaceous Crops 68
4.6 Intragenic Modification of Alfalfa: Optimization of a Forage Feed . 69
4.7 Exploiting Native Genetic Elements for Canola Oilseed Improvements. 70
4.8 Drought-Tolerant Perennial Ryegrass 71
4.9 Bruise-Tolerant Apple . 72
4.10 Native Markers for Intragenic Transformation . 72
4.11 Intragenic Crops Are at Least as Safe as Those Developed Through Traditional Methods73
4.12 Conclusions 74
References 74
5 Gene Silencing in Plants: Transgenes as Targets and Effectors 79
Andreas E. Mu ̈ller
5.1 Introduction 79
5.2 Mechanisms of Gene Silencing 80
5.2.1 The Role of Small RNAs 81
5.2.2 Epigenetic Silencing of Transcription 83
5.3 Silencing of Transgene Expression 85
5.3.1 Cis- and Trans-Silencing Of Multi-Copy Transgenes 85
5.3.2 Silencing of Single-Copy Transgenes 88
5.3.3 Reducing the Risk of Transgene Silencing 89
5.4 Applications of RNA Interference in Transgenic Plants 90
5.4.1 Applications of RNAi for Crop Protection 92
5.4.2 Applications of RNAi for Crop Improvement and Metabolic Engineering . 93
5.5 Conclusions 94
References 94
6 Breeding with Genetically Modified Plants 103
Christian Jung
6.1 Genetic Variation in Plant Breeding . 103
6.2 Breeding Aims103
6.3 Methods for Introducing Transgenes into Elite Plant Material . 105
6.4 Breeding Methods 107
6.4.1 Line Varieties 108
6.4.2 Open-Pollinated Varieties 109
6.4.3 Hybrid Varieties 109
6.4.4 Clone Varieties . 111
6.5 Safety and Legal Aspects of GMO Breeding . 112
6.5.1 Separating Transgenic and Non-Transgenic Breeding Programs 112
6.5.2 Breeding Marker-Free Cultivars . 113
6.5.3 ‘Cisgenic’ and Transgenic Plants 113
6.6 Non-Transgenic Versus Transgenic Breeding 114
6.7 Conclusions 115
References 116
7 Detection of Genetically Modified Plants in Seeds,
Food and Feed . 117
Lutz Grohmann
7.1 Introduction 117
7.2 Techniques Used to Detect a Transgenic Plant 118
7.2.1 DNA-Based Detection118
7.2.2 Protein-Based Detection . 122
7.2.3 Method Validation and Standardisation 123
7.3 Detection Strategies 124
7.3.1 Screening . 124
7.3.2 Identification . 128
7.3.3 Quantification 129
7.3.4 Detection of Stacked Events 129
7.3.5 Detection of Unauthorised/Unknown GMOs 130
7.3.6 Method Databases . 131
7.3.7 Sampling Issues . 131
7.4 Conclusions 132
References 132
Part B Selected Characters of Transgenic Plants and Their Application in Plant Production
8 Drought Stress Tolerance 139
Dorothea Bartels and Jonathan Phillips
8.1 Introduction 139
8.2 Transgenic Plant Strategies for Enhanced Drought Stress Tolerance in Crop Plants . 140
8.2.1 Osmoprotectants and Metabolite Engineering 141
8.2.2 Regulatory and Signalling Genes: Tools to Engineer Drought Stress Tolerance 147
8.3 Future Prospects: “Climate-Ready” Crops. 153
References 154
9 Herbicide Resistance 159
Micheal D.K. Owen
9.1 Introduction 159
9.1.1 Overview of Adoption160
9.1.2 Types of Herbicide Resistance 160
9.1.3 Modes of Herbicide Action in Herbicide-Resistant Crops 161
9.1.4 Implications of Genetically Modified Herbicide-Resistant Crops 162
9.2 Specific Crops with Herbicide Resistance. 164
9.2.1 Maize 164
9.2.2 Soybean165
9.2.3 Cotton 165
9.2.4 Canola. 165
9.2.5 Sugarbeets 166
9.2.6 Turf . 166
9.2.7 Alfalfa. 166
9.2.8 Rice . 166
9.2.9 Wheat 167
9.3 Implications of Genetically Modified Herbicide Resistance on Cropping Systems 167
9.3.1 Tillage. 167
9.3.2 Diversity of Weed Management Tactics 168
9.3.3 Timelines of Weed Management Tactics . 169
9.4 Herbicide-Resistant Weeds 169
9.4.1 Weedy Near-Relatives to Genetically Modified Herbicide-Resistant Crops – Gene Flow 170
9.4.2 Implications of Herbicide Resistance – Persistence in the Agroecosystem. 171
9.5 Conclusions 172
References 173
10 Insect and Nematode Resistance 177
Tim Thurau, Wanzhi Ye, and Daguang Cai
10.1 Introduction 177
10.2 R Gene-Mediated Resistance 178
10.2.1 Plant Resistance and Resistance Gene 178
10.2.2 Plant Parasite Resistance and Resistance Genes 179
10.2.3 Significance and Limitations of Plant Resistance Genes . 181
10.3 Engineering of Insect and Nematode Resistance 182
10.3.1 Anti-Insect/Nematode Genes . 183
10.4 Conclusions189
References . 189
11 Metabolic Engineering 199
Lars M. Voll and Frederik Bo ̈rnke
11.1 Introduction 199
11.2 Strategies for Metabolic Engineering in Plants 200
11.3 Engineering of Primary Metabolism . 201
11.3.1 Carbohydrate Metabolism . 201
11.3.2 Metabolic Engineering of Lapid Metabolism 206
11.4 Engineering of Secondary Metabolism for Human Health and Nutrition 212
11.4.1 Flavonoids 212
11.4.2 Vitamins . 213
11.5 Conclusions214
References . 214
12 Pharmaceuticals221
Andreas Schiermeyer and Stefan Schillberg
12.1 Introduction 221
12.2 Expression Systems 222
12.2.1 Transient Expression Systems 222
12.2.2 Stable Expression Systems 223
12.3 Post-Translational Modifications 226
12.4 Downstream Processing 228
12.5 PMPs in Advanced Development . 228
12.5.1 Glucocerebrosidase 228
12.5.2 Insulin 229
12.5.3 Idiotype Vaccines230
12.5.4 Interferon 231
12.6 Conclusion. 231
References . 232
13 Biopolymers 237
Maja Hu ̈hns and Inge Broer
13.1 Introduction 237
13.2 Transgene-Encoded Biopolymers . 238
13.2.1 Starch and Cellulose 239
13.2.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates . 242
13.2.3 Protein-Based Biomaterials 243
13.3 Conclusion. 247
References . 248
14 Engineered Male Sterility 253
Frank Kempken
14.1 Introduction 253
14.2 Natural Male Sterility Systems in Plants 254
14.2.1 Cytoplasmic Male Sterility 254
14.2.2 Nuclear Male Sterility 255
14.3 Methods of Producing Male-Sterile Plants 256
14.3.1 The Selective Destruction of Tissues Important for the Production of Functional Pollen . 256
14.3.2 Changing the Levels of Metabolites Needed for the Production of Viable Pollen 258
14.3.3 Engineering Cytoplasmic Male-Sterile Plants. 259
14.4 Strategies for the Multiplication of Male-Sterile Lines 259
14.4.1 Herbicide Application for Selection of Male-Sterile Plants 260
14.4.2 Reversible Male Sterility 260
14.4.3 Use of Maintainer Lines 261
14.5 Commercial Use of Male Sterility 261
14.6 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 261
References . 262
Part C Transgenic Plants in Breeding and Crop Production
15 Cotton 269
Keerti S. Rathore
15.1 Introduction 269
15.2 Importance and Potential Impact of Genetic Modification in Cotton 270
15.3 Transformation of Cotton and its Improvement via Genetic
Modification 271
15.3.1 Methods Used to Transform Cotton 271
15.3.2 Selectable Markers and Reporter Genes used for Cotton
Transformation 276
15.3.3 Genetically Engineered Traits in Cotton . 277
15.3.4 The Role of New Technological Advances in Cotton
Improvement 280
15.4 Future Perspectives . 280
References . 281
16 Triticeae Cereals287
Jochen Kumlehn, Grit Zimmermann, Carolin Berger, Cornelia Marthe, and Goetz Hensel
16.1 Introduction 287
16.1.1 The Generation of Transgenic Triticeae Plants288
16.1.2 Transgene Expression Systems. 289
16.2 Tolerance to Abiotic Stress . 290
16.2.1 Drought and Salinity 291
16.2.2 Aluminium Toxicity . 292
16.3 Resistance to Fungal Infection . 292
16.3.1 Regulators of Plant Defence . 293
16.3.2 Pathogenesis-Related Proteins 293
16.3.3 R Proteins 295
16.3.4 Fungal Proteins 296
16.3.5 Viral Proteins 296
16.4 Resistance to Viral Infection 296
16.5 Resistance to Insects 297
16.6 Grain Quality . 297
16.6.1 Production of Recombinant Proteins . 299
References . 300
17 Fruit Crops 307
Magda-Viola Hanke and Henryk Flachowsky
17.1 Introduction 307
17.2 Temperate Fruit Crops 308
17.2.1 Top Fruit 308
17.2.2 Small Fruit 319
17.3 Tropical and Subtropical Fruit Crops 324
17.3.1 Avocado . 324
17.3.2 Banana 324
17.3.3 Citrus Species . 325
17.3.4 Kiwifruit . 327
17.3.5 Mango 327
17.3.6 Papaya 328
17.3.7 Persimmon 329
17.3.8 Pineapple 329
References . 330
18 Maize 349
David D. Songstad
18.1 Introduction 349
18.2 Culture Media and Supplements 350
18.3 Genotype 351
18.4 Explant . 351
18.5 Transformation 352
18.5.1 Free DNA Delivery in Protoplasts. 352
18.5.2 Intact Tissue Electroporation 353
18.5.3 Silicon Carbide 353
18.5.4 Microprojectile Bombardment 354
18.5.5 Agrobacterium . 358
18.6 Benefits . 361
References . 363
19 Ornamentals. 369
Thomas Debener and Traud Winkelmann
19.1 Introduction 369
19.2 Flower Colour Modifications 370
19.2.1 Red and Pink Flowers 372
19.2.2 Yellow and Orange Flowers . 372
19.2.3 Blue Flowers 373
19.2.4 White Flowers . 373
19.2.5 Pigmentation Patterns 373
19.3 Postharvest Quality . 374
19.4 Plant Architecture 376
19.5 Disease Resistance . 378
19.5.1 Virus Resistance 379
19.5.2 Resistance Against Fungi and Bacteria 380
19.5.3 Insect Resistance. 381
19.6 Flowering Time . 382
19.7 Modification of Flower Structure. 382
19.8 Improvement of Abiotic Stress Tolerance . 383
19.9 Modification of Floral Scent 384
19.10 Conclusion 385
References . 385
20 Potato 393
Jens Lu ̈beck
20.1 Introduction 393
20.2 Pathogen Resistance 394
20.2.1 Insects 394
20.2.2 Viruses 395
20.2.3 Phytophthora infestans . 396
20.3 Tuber Quality Traits 397
20.3.1 Blackspot Bruise. 397
20.3.2 Cold-Induced Sweetening . 397
20.4 Nutritional Value 398
20.4.1 Amino Acids/Protein 398
20.4.2 Carotenoids . 399
20.4.3 Fructan/Inulin . 400
20.5 Production of Biopolymers . 401
20.5.1 Starch . 401
20.5.2 Polyhydroxyalkanoates . 401
20.5.3 Cyanophycin/Poly-Aspartate . 402
20.5.4 Spider Silk 403
20.6 Conclusions403
References . 404
21 Rapeseed/Canola409
Christian Mo ̈llers
21.1 Introduction 409
21.2 Transformation Using Direct Gene Transfer Methods410
21.3 Transformation Using Agrobacterium tumefaciens 410
21.3.1 Explant Type, Additives and Genotype Dependance 410
21.3.2 Agrobacterium Strains . 411
21.3.3 Transformation Using Protoplasts. 412
21.3.4 Transformation Using Haploids. 412
21.3.5 Transformation Avoiding Tissue Culture 413
21.3.6 Plant-Selectable Marker Genes and Marker Gene-Free Transgenic Plants. 413
21.4 Employment of Transgenic Oilseed Rape in Breeding414
21.5 Employment of Transgenic Oilseed Rape in Crop Production. 417
21.6 Conclusions419
References . 419
22 Rice 423
Hao Chen, Yongjun Lin, and Qifa Zhang
22.1 Introduction 423
22.2 Rice Transformation Technology and Functional Genomics 424
22.3 Insecticidal Rice . 425
22.3.1 Bt Rice 425
22.3.2 GNA Rice 426
22.4 Disease-Resistant Rice 427
22.4.1 Resistance to Bacterial Blight 427
22.4.2 Resistance to Fungal Diseases 427
22.4.3 Resistance to Viral Diseases . 428
22.5 Abiotic Stress Tolerance. 429
22.6 Quality Improvement 433
22.7 Nutrient-Use Efficiency 434
22.7.1 Nitrogen-Use Efficiency 434
22.7.2 Phosphorus-Use Efficiency 435
22.8 Yield . 437
22.9 Herbicide-Tolerant Rice 439
22.10 Prospects. 440
References . 441
23 Sugarcane. 453
Fredy Altpeter and Hesham Oraby
23.1 Introduction 453
23.2 Origin 453
23.3 Sugarcane Breeding, Biotechnology and Biosafety 454
23.4 In Vitro Culture . 455
23.4.1 In Vitro Culture for Sugarcane Improvement. 455
23.4.2 Sugarcane Somatic Embryogenesis 456
23.4.3 Sugarcane Organogenesis . 456
23.5 Genetic Engineering of Sugarcane 457
23.5.1 Methods of Transformation 457
23.5.2 Selection of the Transformed Tissues 461
23.5.3 Traits of Interest 461
23.6 Future Trends. 466
References. 467
24 Soybean. 473
Jack M. Widholm, John J. Finer, Lila O. Vodkin, Harold N. Trick, Peter LaFayette, Jiarui Li, and Wayne Parrott
24.1 Introduction 473
24.2 Methodology. 474
24.2.1 Cot Node and other Organogenic Transformation Systems 474
24.2.2 Embryogenic Culture Transformation System. 476
24.2.3 Whole-Plant Transformation Systems 477
24.2.4 Other Considerations for Transformation 477
24.2.5 Multi-Gene Insertions and Marker-Free Plants478
24.2.6 Selectable Markers 479
24.2.7 Homozygosity Determination 479
24.3 Applications of Transformation Technology. 480
24.3.1 Herbicide Resistance 480
24.3.2 Modification of Oil Composition 480
24.3.3 Nematode Resistance 482
24.3.4 Isoflavones 483
24.3.5 Insect Resistance. 483
24.3.6 Disease Resistance 484
24.3.7 Phytase 484
24.3.8 Seed Protein Composition 485
24.4 Gene Discovery and Promoters 486
24.4.1 Genomic Resources for Selection of Promoters and Genes for Modification 486
24.4.2 Promoter Evaluation 487
24.5 Future of Soybean Transformation 490
References. 491
25 Vegetables. 499
Evelyn Klocke, Thomas Nothnagel, and Gu ̈nter Schumann
25.1 Introduction 499
25.2 Economically Important Vegetable Families. 515
25.2.1 Solanaceae 515
25.2.2 Brassicaceae (Brassica oleracea L., B. rapa L., Raphanus sativus L.) 519
25.2.3 Fabaceae (Pisum sativum L., Phaseolus vulgaris L.) 521
25.2.4 Cucurbitaceae [Cucumis sativus L., C. Melo L., Cucurbita pepo L., Citrullus lanatus (THUNB.) Matsun. & Nakai., and other cucurbit species] 523
25.2.5 Asteraceae 524
25.2.6 Apiaceae (Daucus carota L.) 526
25.2.7 Chenopodiaceae (Spinacia oleracea L.) . 527
25.2.8 Liliaceae. 527
25.3 Conclusions528
References. 529
Part D Risk Assessment and Economic Applications
26 Regulatory Oversight and Safety Assessment of Plants with Novel Traits 553
Yann Devos, Karine Lheureux, and Joachim Schiemann
26.1 Introduction – From Foragers to Genetic Modification in a Genomic Era 553
26.2 Regulatory Oversight of GM Plants and Their Derived Food and Feed Products 555
26.2.1 Process-Based Versus Product-Based Approach. 555
26.2.2 Regulatory Framework for GMOs in the EU 556
26.3 Risk Assessment Principles . 557
26.3.1 Interplay of Risk Assessment, Risk Management, and Risk Communication. 557
26.3.2 Risk Assessment Methodology and Terminology 558
26.3.3 Problem Formulation 559
26.3.4 Risk Assessment Principles and Concepts 562
26.3.5 Comparative Risk Assessment and Familiarity Concept 000
26.4 EFSA GMO Panel Guidance and Further Prospectives 565
26.4.1 EFSA Scientific Colloquium on Environmental Risk Assessment of GM Plants. 566
26.4.2 Self-Tasking Working Group on NTO Testing567
26.4.3 Update of Environment Sections of the EFSA Guidance on the Risk Assessment of GM Plants and Derived Food and Feed Products 567
26.5 Discussion and Conclusions 568
References. 571
27 Environmental Impact of Genetically Modified Maize Expressing Cry1 Proteins 575
Detlef Bartsch, Yann Devos, Rosie Hails, Jozsef Kiss, Paul Henning Krogh, Sylvie Mestdagh, Marco Nuti, Angela Sessitsch, Jeremy Sweet, and Achim Gathmann
27.1 Introduction 575
27.2 Potential Unintended Effects on Plant Fitness Due to the Genetic Modification 576
27.3 Potential for Gene Transfer . 571
27.3.1 Plant to Bacterium Gene Transfer. 571
27.3.2 Plant to Plant Gene Transfer . 571
27.4 Potential Interactions of the GM Plant with Target Organisms 578
27.5 Potential Interactions of the GM Plant with Non-Target Organisms 581
27.5.1 Persistence of Cry1 Proteins in Soil: Exposure Assessment . 581
27.5.2 Biological Effects in Soil: General Impact Assessment 583
27.5.3 Assessment of Impact on Earthworms 584
27.5.4 Assessment of Impact on Isopods 585
27.5.5 Assessment of Impact on Nematodes. 586
27.5.6 Assessment of Impact on Collembolans . 587
27.5.7 Cry1 Genes in Water: Exposure Assessment in Aquatic Environments 588
27.5.8 Presence of Cry1 Proteins in Water: Impact Assessment in Aquatic Environments 589
27.5.9 Exposure and Impacts on Non-Target Lepidoptera. 590
27.5.10 Global Analysis of Impacts on Non-Target Entomofauna. 593
27.5.11 Trophic Chain Effects on Predators. 594
27.5.12 Trophic Chain Effects on Parasitoids 596
27.5.13 Assessment of Impacts on Pollinating Insects 597
27.6 Potential Impacts on Human and Animal Health 599
27.7 Potential Interaction with the Abiotic Environment and Biogeochemical Cycles. 599
27.8 Impacts of the Specific Cultivation, Management, and Harvesting Techniques. 601
27.9 Monitoring. 602
27.10 Conclusions. 603
References. 604
28 Benefits of Transgenic Plants: a Socioeconomic Perspective 615
Matin Qaim and Arjunan Subramanian
28.1 Introduction 615
28.2 Impacts of Insect-Resistant Crops 616
28.2.1 Agronomic Effects 616
28.2.2 Economic Effects. 618
28.2.3 Poverty and Distribution Effects619
28.2.4 Environmental and Health Effects. 619
28.3 Impacts of Herbicide-Tolerant Crops 622
28.3.1 Agronomic and Economic Effects. 622
28.3.2 Environmental Effects. 624
28.4 Potential Impacts of Future Transgenic Crops 624
28.4.1 Crops with Improved Agronomic Traits. 624
28.4.2 Crops with Improved Nutritional Traits. 625
28.5 Conclusions626
References. 627
29 Risk Assessment and Economic Applications – the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety: GMO Approval and Import on a World-Wide Scale 631
Joachim Bendiek and Hans-Jo ̈rg Buhk
29.1 Introduction 631
29.2 The Cartagena Protocol on Biological Safety 632
29.2.1 The Convention on Biological Diversity as the Basis for the Cartagena Protocol on Biological Safety. 632
29.2.2 The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety and the Biosafety Clearing House. 633
29.3 GMO Approval 637
29.3.1 European Union 637
29.3.2 United States of America. 644
29.4 GMO Approval, GMO Labelling and GMO Trade . 645
29.5 Conclusions646
References. 646
30 Public Perceptions of Modern Biotechnology and the Necessity to Improve Communication 649
Roger J. Busch
30.1 Introduction 649
30.2 Societal Debate and Its Problems. 650
30.2.1 Statistic Data on Public Attitudes Towards Biotechnology. 651
30.2.2 Frames of Reference by Promotors and Critics653
30.3 Insufficient Approaches 656
30.4 Improvements in Communication with the Public. 657
30.4.1 Respect to Sustainability and Ethics 659
30.4.2 Involvement of Consumers 659
References. 661
Index 663
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