| Author: |
Robert F. Sekerka
|
| Release at: | 2015 |
| Pages: | 610 |
| Edition: |
1st Edition(Thermodynamics and Statistical Mechanics
for Scientists and Engineers)
|
| File Size: | 8 MB |
| File Type: | |
| Language: | English |
Description of Thermal Physics by Robert F. Sekerka 1st Edition (PDF)
Thermal Physics 1st Edition by Robert F. Sekerka is a great book for Thermodynamics Physics related studies available in (eBook) PDF download. This book is based on lectures in courses that I taught from 2000 to 2011 in the Department of Physics at Carnegie Mellon University to undergraduates (mostly juniors and seniors) and graduate students (mostly first and second year). Portions are also based on a course that I taught to undergraduate engineers (mostly juniors) in the Department of Metallurgical Engineering and Materials Science in the early 1970s. It began as class notes but started to be organized as a book in 2004. As a work in progress, I made it available on my website as a pdf, password protected for use by my students and a few interested colleagues.
It is my version of what I learned from my own research and self-study of numerous books and papers in preparation for my lectures. Prominent among these sources were the books by Fermi [1], Callen [2], Gibbs [3, 4], Lupis [5], Kittel and Kroemer [6], Landau and Lifshitz [7], and Pathria [8, 9], which are listed in the bibliography. Explicit references to these and other sources are made throughout, but the source of much information is beyond my memory.
Initially it was my intent to give an integrated mixture of thermodynamics and statis- tical mechanics, but it soon became clear that most students had only a cursory under- standing of thermodynamics, having encountered only a brief exposure in introductory physics and chemistry courses. Moreover, I believe that thermodynamics can stand on its own as a discipline based on only a few postulates, or so-called laws, that have stood the test of time experimentally. Although statistical concepts can be used to motivate thermodynamics, it still takes a bold leap to appreciate that thermodynamics is valid, within its intended scope, independent of any statistical mechanical model. As stated by Albert Einstein in Autobiographical Notes
Content of Thermal Physics by Robert F. Sekerka 1st Edition (PDF)
PART I Thermodynamics
1 Introduction 3
1.1 Temperature 3
1.2 Thermodynamics Versus Statistical Mechanics 5
1.3 Classification of State Variables 6
1.4 Energy in Mechanics 8
1.5 Elementary Kinetic Theory 12
2 First Law of Thermodynamics 15
2.1 Statement of the First Law 15
2.2 Quasistatic Work 17
2.3 Heat Capacities 19
2.4 Work Due to Expansion of an Ideal Gas 24
2.5 Enthalpy 28
3 Second Law of Thermodynamics 31
3.1 Statement of the Second Law 32
3.2 Carnot Cycle and Engines 35
3.3 Calculation of the Entropy Change 39
3.4 Combined First and Second Laws 41
3.5 Statistical Interpretation of Entropy 47
4 Third Law of Thermodynamics 49
4.1 Statement of the Third Law 49
4.2 Implications of the Third Law 50
5 Open Systems 53
5.1 Single Component Open System 53
5.2 Multicomponent Open Systems 55
5.3 Euler Theorem of Homogeneous Functions 59
5.4 Chemical Potential of Real Gases, Fugacity 64
5.5 Legendre Transformations 67
5.6 Partial Molar Quantities 71
5.7 Entropy of Chemical Reaction 75
6 Equilibrium and Thermodynamic Potentials 79
6.1 Entropy Criterion 79
6.2 Energy Criterion 84
6.3 Other Equilibrium Criteria 88
6.4 Summary of Criteria 92
7 Requirements for Stability 95
7.1 Stability Requirements for Entropy 95
7.2 Stability Requirements for Internal Energy 100
7.3 Stability Requirements for Other Potentials 102
7.4 Consequences of Stability Requiremen ts 105
7.5 Extension to Many Variables 106
7.6 Principles of Le Charlier and Le Charlier-Braun 107
8 Monocomponent Phase Equi librium 109
8.1 Clausius-Clapeyron Equation 110
8.2 Sketches of the Thermodynamic Function s 115
8.3 Phase Diagram in the v, p Plane 118
9 Two-Phase Equilibrium for a van der Waals Fluid 121
9.1 van der Waals Equation of State 121
9.2 Thermodynamic Functions 124
9.3 Phase Equilibrium and Miscibility Gap 127
9.4 Gibbs Free Energy 131
10 Binary Solutions 137
10.1 Thermodynamics of Binary Solutions 137
10.2 Ideal Solutions 142
10.3 Phase Diagram for an Ideal Solid and an Ideal Liquid 145
10.4 Regular Solution 148
10.5 General Binary Solutions 153
11 Externa l Forces and Rotating Coordinate Systems 155
11.1 Conditions for Equilibrium 155
11.2 Uniform Gravitational Field 157
11.3 Non-Uniform Gravitational Field 164
11.4 Rotating Systems 164
11.5 Electric Fields 166
12 Chemical Reactions 167
12.1 Reactions at Constant Volume or Pressure 168
12.2 Standard States 171
12.3 Equilibrium and Affinity 173
12.4 Explicit Equilibrium Conditions 175
12.5 Simultaneous Reactions 182
13 Thermodynamics of Fluid-Fluid Interfaces 185
13.1 Planar Interfaces in Fluids 186
13.2 Curved Interfaces in Fluids 197
13.3 Interface Junctions and Contact Angles 202
13.4 Liquid Surface Shape in Gravity 205
14 Thermodynamics of Solid-Flu iid Interfaces 215
14.1 Planar Solid-Fluid Interfaces 216
14.2 Anisotropy of y 221
14.3 Curved Solid-Fluid Interfaces 227
14.4 Faceting of a Large Planar Face 233
14.5 Equilibrium Shape from the~ -Vector 236
14.6 Herring Formula 240
14.7 Legendre Transform of the Equilibrium Shape 241
14.8 Remarks About Solid-Solid Interfaces 242
PART II Statistical Mechanics 245
15 Entropy and Information Theory 247
15.1 Entropy as a Measure of Disorder 247
15.2 Boltzmann Eta Theorem 251
16 Microcanonical Ensemble 257
16.1 Fundamental Hypothesis of Statistical Mechanics 258
16.2 Two-State Subsystems 261
16.3 Harmonic Oscillators 265
16.4 Ideal Gas 267
16.5 Multicomponent Ideal Gas 273
17 Classical Microcanonical Ensemble 277
17.1 Liouville's Theorem 278
17.2 Classical Microcanonical Ensemble 280
18 Distinguishable Particles with Negligible
Interaction Energies 285
18.1 Derivation of the Boltzmann Distribution 285
18.2 Two-State Subsystems 289
18.3 Harmonic Oscillators 293
18.4 Rigid Linear Rotator 303
19 Canonical Ensemble 305
19.1 Three Derivations 305
19.2 Factorization Theorem 312
19.3 Classical Ideal Gas 313
19.4 Maxwell-Boltzmann Distribution 317
19.5 Energy Dispersion 320
19.6 Paramagnetism 321
19.7 Partition Function and Density of States 330
20 Classical Canonical Ensemble 337
20.1 Classical Ideal Gas 338
20.2 Law of Dulong and Petit 342
20.3 Averaging Theorem and Equipartition 343
20.4 Virial Theorem 346
20.5 Virial Coefficients 348
20.6 Use of Canonical Transformations 354
20.7 Rotating Rigid Polyatomic Molecules 356
21 Grand Canonical Ensemble 359
21.1 Derivation from Microcanonical Ensemble 360
21.2 Ideal Systems: Orbitals and Factorization 368
21.3 Classical Ideal Gas with Internal Structure 380
21.4 Multicomponent Systems 388
21.5 Pressure Ensemble 389
22 Entropy for Any Ensemble 397
22.1 General Ensemble 397
22.2 Summation over Energy Levels 402
23 Unified Treatment of Ideal Fermi, Bose, and Classical Gases 405
23.1 Integral Formulae 406
23.2 The Functions HV(A, a) 408
23.3 Virial Expansions for Ideal Fermi and Bose Gases 410
23.4 Heat Capacity 412
24 Bose Condensation 413
24.l Bosons at Low Temperatures 413
24.2 Thermodynamic Functions 416
24.3 Condensate Region 421
25 Degenerate Fermi Gas 425
25.1 Ideal Fermi Gas at Low Temperatures 425
25.2 Free Electron Model of a Metal 428
25.3 Thermal Activation of Electrons 429
25.4 Pauli Paramagnetism 433
25.5 Landau Diamagnetism 436
25.6 Thermionic Emission 439
25.7 Semiconductors 442
26 Quantum Statistics 451
26.1 Pure States 451
26.2 Statistical States 453
26.3 Random Phases and External Influence 454
26.4 Time Evolution 455
26.5 Densit y Operators for Specific Ensembles 456
26.6 Examples of the Density Matrix 459
26.7 Indistinguishable Particles 465
27 Ising Model 469
27.1 Ising Model, Mean Field Treatment 470
27.2 Pair Statistics 477
27.3 Solution in One Dimension for Zero Field 479
27.4 Transfer Matrix 480
27.5 Other Methods of Solution 483
27.6 Monte Carlo Simulation 484
PART III Appendices 495
A Stirling 's Approximation 497
A.l Elementary Motivation ofEq. (A.l) 498
A.2 Asymptotic Series 499
B Use of Jacobians to Convert Partial Derivatives 503
B.l Properties of Jacobians 503
B.2 Connection to Thermodynamics 504
C Differential Geometry of Surfaces 509
C.l Alterna tive Formulae for ~ Vector 509
C.2 Surface Differential Geometry 511
C.3 ~ Vector for Genera l Surfaces 516
C.4 Herring Formula 518
D Equilibrium of Two-State Systems 523
E Aspects of Canonical Transformations 529
E.1 Necessary and Sufficient Conditions 530
E.2 Restricted Canonical Transformations 534
F Rotation of Rigid Bodies 537
F.1 Moment of inertia 537
F.2 Angular Momentum 539
F.3 Kinetic Energy 540
F.4 Time Derivatives 540
F.5 Rotating Coordinate System 541
F.6 Matrix Formulation 544
F.7 Canonical Variables 546
F.8 Quantum Energy Levels for Diatomic Molecule 547
G Thermodynamic Perturbation Theory 549
G .1 Classical Case 549
G.2 Quantum Case 550
H Selected Mathematical Relations 553
H.1 Bernoulli Numbers and Polynomials 553
H.2 Euler-Maclaur in Sum Formula 554
Creation and Annihilation Operators 559
1.1 Harmonic Oscillator 559
1.2 Boson Operators 560
1.3 Fermion Operators 562
1.4 Boson and Fermion Number Operators 563
References 565
Index 569
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