Description of Developmental Biology 11th Edition (PDF)
This Developmental Biology Book 11th edition written by Gilbert & Barresi is the best book for developmental science study available in (PDF) download. It is due to talent of Chris Small and his production staff; to Jefferson Johnson and his artistic mastery of Adobe InDesign; to the expertise of the artists at Dragonfly Media Graphics; and to photo editor extraordinaire David McIntyre, who manages to find incredible photographs to complement the many wonderful images my colleagues have so generously supplied for each edition.
I have been blessed with remarkable students who have never been shy about asking me questions. Even today they continue to send me “Did you see this?” emails that make sure I’m keeping current. I also thank all those people who continue to send me emails of encouragement or who come up to me at meetings to pass on good words about the book and provide me with even more information. This book is and always has been a community endeavor.
In the Ninth and Tenth editions of Developmental Biology, we speculated that the study of animal development was undergoing metamorphosis. The field has not reached the climax phase yet, but certain differences between the previous edition and one in your hands (or on your screen) are definitely apparent. The first can be seen on the cover. Developmental biology has been charged with a huge undertaking—nothing less than discovering the anatomical and genetic bases of neural organization and behaviors. This task was part of developmental biology when it was reformulated in the early 1900s (especially by the American C. O. Whitman), but it had dropped out of the portfolio as being “too complicated” and not amenable for study. Today, however, developmental neurobiology is an increasingly large part of developmental biology. Among many other things, developmental biology is becoming necessary for cognitive science.
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Content of Developmental Biology 11th Edition (PDF)
PART I Patterns and Processes of Becoming: A Framework for Understanding Animal Development
Chapter 1: Making New Bodies: Mechanisms of Developmental Organization
“How Are You?” The Questions of Developmental Biology
The Cycle of Life
An Example: A Frog’s Life
Gametogenesis and fertilization
Cleavage and gastrulation
Organogenesis
Metamorphosis and gametogenesis
Comparative Embryology
Epigenesis and preformationism
An Overview of Early Development
Patterns of cleavage
Gastrulation: “The most important time in your life”
Naming the parts: The primary germ layers and early organs
The four principles of Karl Ernst von Baer
Keeping Track of Moving Cells: Fate Maps and Cell Lineages
Fate maps
Direct observation of living embryos
Dye marking
Genetic labeling
Transgenic DNA chimeras
Evolutionary Embryology
Embryonic homologies
Medical Embryology and Teratology
Genetic malformations and syndromes
Disruptions and teratogens
CHAPTER 2: Specifying Identity: Mechanisms of Developmental Patterning
Levels of Commitment
Cell differentiation
Commitment
Autonomous Specification
Cytoplasmic determinants and autonomous specification in the tunicate
Conditional Specification
Cell position matters: Conditional specification in the sea urchin embryo
Syncytial Specification
Opposing axial gradients define position
A Rainbow of Cell Identities
CHAPTER 3: Differential Gene Expression: Mechanisms of Cell Differentiation
Defining Differential Gene Expression
Quick Primer on the Central Dogma
Evidence for Genomic Equivalence
Modulating Access to Genes
Loosening and tightening chromatin: Histones as gatekeepers
Maintaining a memory of methylation
Anatomy of the Gene
Exons and introns
Cis-regulatory elements: The on, off, and dimmer switches of a gene
Transcription factor function
The Gene Regulatory Network: Defining an Individual Cell
Mechanisms of Differential Gene Transcription
Differentiated proteins from high and low CpG-content promoters
DNA methylation, another key on/off switch of transcription
Differential RNA Processing
Creating families of proteins through differential nRNA splicing
Splicing enhancers and recognition factors
Control of Gene Expression at the Level of Translation
Differential mRNA longevity
Stored oocyte mRNAs: Selective inhibition of mRNA translation
Ribosomal selectivity: Selective activation of mRNA translation
microRNAs: Specific regulation of mRNA translation and transcription
Control of RNA expression by cytoplasmic localization
Posttranslational Regulation of Gene Expression
The Basic Tools of Developmental Genetics
Characterizing gene expression
Testing Gene Function
CHAPTER 4: Cell-to-Cell Communication: Mechanisms of Morphogenesis
A Primer on Cell-to-Cell Communication
Adhesion and Sorting: Juxtacrine Signaling and the Physics of Morphogenesis
Differential cell affinity
The thermodynamic model of cell interactions
Cadherins and cell adhesion
The Extracellular Matrix as a Source of Developmental Signals
Integrins: Receptors for extracellular matrix molecules
The Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
Cell Signaling
Induction and competence
Reciprocal induction
Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions
The insect trachea: Combining inductive signals with cadherin regulation
Paracrine Factors: Inducer Molecules
Morphogen gradients
Signal transduction cascades: The response to inducers
Fibroblast growth factors and the RTK pathway
FGFs and the JAK-STAT pathway
The Hedgehog family
The Wnt family
The TGF-b superfamily
Other paracrine factors
The Cell Biology of Paracrine Signaling
Focal membrane protrusions as signaling sources
Juxtacrine Signaling for Cell Identity
The Notch pathway: Juxtaposed ligands and receptors for pattern formation
Paracrine and juxtacrine signaling in coordination: Vulval induction in C. elegans
Hippo: An integrator of pathways
CHAPTER 5: Stem Cells: Their Potential and Their Niches
The Stem Cell Concept
Division and self-renewal
Potency defines a stem cell
Stem Cell Regulation
Pluripotent Cells in the Embryo
Cells of the inner cell mass
Mechanisms promoting pluripotency of ICM cells
Adult Stem Cell Niches
Stem cells fueling germ cell development in Drosophila
Adult Neural Stem Cell Niche of the V-SVZ
The neural stem cell niche of the V-SVZ
Maintaining the NSC pool with cell-to-cell interactions
Promoting differentiation in the V-SVZ niche
Environmental influences on the NSC niche
The Adult Intestinal Stem Cell Niche
Clonal renewal in the crypt
Regulatory mechanisms in the crypt
Stem Cells Fueling the Diverse Cell Lineages in Adult Blood
The hematopoietic stem cell niche
Regulatory mechanisms in the endosteal niche
Regulatory mechanisms in the perivascular niche
The Mesenchymal Stem Cell: Supporting a Variety of Adult Tissues
Regulation of MSC development
Other stem cells supporting adult tissue maintenance and regeneration
The Human Model System to Study Development and Disease
Pluripotent stem cells in the lab
Induced pluripotent stem cells
Organoids: Studying human organogenesis in a culture dish
Stem Cells: Hope or Hype?
PART II Gametogenesis and Fertilization: the Circle of Sex
CHAPTER 6: Sex Determination and Gametogenesis
Chromosomal Sex Determination
The Mammalian Pattern of Sex Determination
Primary Sex Determination in Mammals
The developing gonads
Genetic mechanisms of primary sex determination: Making decisions
The ovary pathway: Wnt4 and R-spondin1
The testis pathway: Sry and Sox9
The right time and the right place
Secondary Sex Determination in Mammals: Hormonal Regulation of the Sexual Phenotype
The genetic analysis of secondary sex determination
Chromosomal Sex Determination in Drosophila
The Sex-lethal gene
Doublesex: The switch gene for sex determination
Environmental Sex Determination
Mammalian Gametogenesis
Meiosis: The intertwining of life cycles
Gametogenesis in mammals: Spermatogenesis
Gametogenesis in mammals: Oogenesis
Coda
CHAPTER 7: Fertilization: Beginning a New Organism
Structure of the Gametes
Sperm
The egg
Recognition of egg and sperm
External Fertilization in Sea Urchins
Sperm attraction: Action at a distance
The acrosome reaction
Recognition of the egg’s extracellular coat
Fusion of the egg and sperm cell membranes
One egg, one sperm
The fast block to polyspermy
The slow block to polyspermy
Calcium as the initiator of the cortical granule reaction
Activation of Egg Metabolism in Sea Urchins
Release of intracellular calcium ions
Effects of calcium release
Fusion of Genetic Material in Sea Urchins
Internal Fertilization in Mammals
Getting the gametes into the oviduct: Translocation and capacitation
In the vicinity of the oocyte: Hyperactivation, thermotaxis, and chemotaxis
The acrosome reaction and recognition at the zona pellucida
Gamete fusion and the prevention of polyspermy
Fusion of genetic material
Activation of the mammalian egg
Coda
PART III Early Development: Cleavage, Gastrulation, and Axis Formation
CHAPTER 8: Rapid Specification in Snails and Nematodes
Developmental Patterns among the Metazoa
Basal phyla
The triploblastic animals: Protostomes and deuterostomes
Early Development in Snails
Cleavage in Snail Embryos
Maternal regulation of snail cleavage
The snail fate map
Cell specification and the polar lobe
Altering evolution by altering cleavage patterns: An example from a bivalve mollusk
Gastrulation in Snails
The Nematode C. Elegans
Cleavage and Axis Formation in C. elegans
Rotational cleavage of the egg
Anterior-posterior axis formation
Dorsal-ventral and right-left axis formation
Control of blastomere identity
Gastrulation in C. elegans
CHAPTER 9: The Genetics of Axis Specification in Drosophila
Early Drosophila Development
Fertilization
Cleavage
The mid-blastula transition
Gastrulation
The Genetic Mechanisms Patterning the Drosophila Body
Segmentation and the Anterior-Posterior Body Plan
Anterior-posterior polarity in the oocyte
Maternal gradients: Polarity regulation by oocyte cytoplasm
The anterior organizing center: The Bicoid and Hunchback gradients
The terminal gene group
Segmentation Genes
Segments and parasegments
The gap genes
The pair-rule genes
The segment polarity genes
The Homeotic Selector Genes
Generating the Dorsal-Ventral Axis
Dorsal-ventral patterning in the oocyte
Generating the dorsal-ventral axis within the embryo
Establishing a nuclear Dorsal gradient
Axes and Organ Primordia: The Cartesian Coordinate Model
Coda
CHAPTER 10: Sea Urchins and Tunicates: Deuterostome Invertebrates
Early Development in Sea Urchins
Early cleavage
Blastula formation
Fate maps and the determination of sea urchin blastomeres
Gene regulatory networks and skeletogenic mesenchyme specification
Specification of the vegetal cells
Sea Urchin Gastrulation
Ingression of the skeletogenic mesenchyme
Invagination of the archenteron
Early Development in Tunicates
Cleavage
The tunicate fate map
Autonomous and conditional specification of tunicate blastomeres
CHAPTER 11: Amphibians and Fish
Early Amphibian Development
Fertilization, Cortical Rotation, and Cleavage
Unequal radial holoblastic cleavage
The mid-blastula transition: Preparing for gastrulation
Amphibian Gastrulation
Vegetal rotation and the invagination of the bottle cells
Epiboly of the prospective ectoderm
Progressive Determination of the Amphibian Axes
Specification of the germ layers
The dorsal-ventral and anterior-posterior axes
The Work of Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold
Autonomous specification versus inductive interactions
Primary embryonic induction
Molecular Mechanisms of Amphibian Axis Formation
How does the organizer form?
Functions of the organizer
Induction of neural ectoderm and dorsal mesoderm: BMP inhibitors
Regional Specificity of Neural Induction along the Anterior-Posterior Axis
The head inducer: Wnt antagonists
Trunk patterning: Wnt signals and retinoic acid
Specifying the Left-Right Axis
Early Zebrafish Development
Cleavage
Gastrulation and Formation of the Germ Layers
Dorsal-ventral axis formation
Anterior-posterior axis formation
Left-right axis formation
CHAPTER 12: Birds and Mammals
Early Development in Birds
Avian Cleavage
Gastrulation of the Avian Embryo
The hypoblast
The primitive streak
Molecular mechanisms of migration through the primitive streak
Regression of the primitive streak and epiboly of the ectoderm
Axis Specification and the Avian “Organizer”
The role of gravity and the PMZ
Left-right axis formation
Early Development in Mammals
Cleavage
The unique nature of mammalian cleavage
Compaction
Trophoblast or ICM? The first decision of the rest of your life
Escape from the zona pellucida and implantation
Mammalian Gastrulation
Modifications for development inside another organism
Mammalian Axis Formation
The anterior-posterior axis: Two signaling centers
Anterior-posterior patterning by FGF and RA gradients
Anterior-posterior patterning: The Hox code hypothesis
The left-right axis
Twins
Coda
PART IV Building with Ectoderm: the Vertebrate Nervous System and Epidermis
CHAPTER 13: Neural Tube Formation and Patterning
Transforming the Neural Plate into a Tube: The Birth of the Central Nervous System
Primary neurulation
Secondary neurulation
Patterning the Central Nervous System
The anterior-posterior axis
The dorsal-ventral axis
Opposing morphogens
Transcriptional cross-repression
All Axes Come Together
CHAPTER 14: Brain Growth
Neuroanatomy of the Developing Central Nervous System
The cells of the developing central nervous system
Tissues of the developing central nervous system
Developmental Mechanisms Regulating Brain Growth
Neural stem cell behaviors during division
Neurogenesis: Building from the bottom up (or from the inside out)
Glia as scaffold for the layering of the cerebellum and neocortex
Signaling mechanisms regulating development of the neocortex
Development of the Human Brain
Fetal neuronal growth rate after birth
Hills raise the horizon for learning
Genes for neuronal growth
High transcriptional activity
Teenage brains: Wired and unchained
CHAPTER 15: Neural Crest Cells and Axonal Specificity
The Neural Crest
Regionalization of the Neural Crest
Neural Crest: Multipotent Stem Cells?
Specification of Neural Crest Cells
Neural Crest Cell Migration: Epithelial to Mesenchymal and Beyond
Delamination
The driving force of contact inhibition
Collective migration
Migration Pathways of Trunk Neural Crest Cells
The ventral pathway
The dorsolateral pathway
Cranial Neural Crest
The “Chase and Run” Model
Neural Crest-Derived Head Skeleton
Coordination of face and brain growth
Cardiac Neural Crest
Establishing Axonal Pathways in the Nervous System
The Growth Cone: Driver and Engine of Axon Pathfinding
“Plus tips” and actin-microtubule interactions
Rho, Rho, Rho your actin filaments down the signaling stream
Axon Guidance
The Intrinsic Navigational Programming of Motor Neurons
Cell adhesion: A mechanism to grab the road
Local and long-range guidance molecules: The street signs of the embryo
Repulsion patterns: Ephrins and semaphorins
How Did the Axon Cross the Road?
The Travels of Retinal Ganglion Axons
Growth of the retinal ganglion axon to the optic nerve
Growth of the retinal ganglion axon through the optic chiasm
Target Selection: “Are We There Yet?”
Chemotactic proteins
Target selection by retinal axons: “Seeing is believing”
Adhesive specificities in different regions of the optic tectum: Ephrins and Ephs
Synapse Formation
A Program of Cell Death
Activity-dependent neuronal survival
Differential survival after innervation: The role of neurotrophins
CHAPTER 16: Ectodermal Placodes and the Epidermis
Cranial Placodes: The Senses of Our Heads
The Dynamics of Optic Development: The Vertebrate Eye
Formation of the Eye Field: The Beginnings of the Retina
The Lens-Retina Induction Cascade
Lens and cornea differentiation
Neural retina differentiation
The Epidermis and It's Cutaneous Appendages
Origin of the Epidermis
The Ectodermal Appendages
Recombination experiments: The roles of epithelium and mesenchyme
Signaling pathways
Ectodermal appendage stem cells
Coda
PART V Building with Mesoderm and Endoderm: Organogenesis
CHAPTER 17: Paraxial Mesoderm: The Somites and Their Derivatives
Cell Types of the Somite
Establishing the Paraxial Mesoderm and Cell Fates Along the Anterior-Posterior Axis
Specification of the paraxial mesoderm
Spatiotemporal collinearity of Hox genes determine identity along the trunk
Somitogenesis
Axis elongation: A caudal progenitor zone and tissue-to-tissue forces
The clock-wavefront model
Linking the clock-wavefront to Hox-mediated axial identity and the end of somitogenesis
Sclerotome Development
Vertebrae formation
Tendon formation: The syndetome
Formation of the dorsal aorta
Dermomyotome Development
Determination of the central dermomyotome
Determination of the myotome
An emerging model of neural crest-regulated myogenesis
Osteogenesis: The Development of Bones
Endochondral ossification
Mechanotransduction and vertebrate bone development
Maturation of Muscle
Myoblasts and myofibers
Satellite cells: Unfused muscle progenitor cells
Mechanotransduction in the musculoskeletal system
CHAPTER 18: Intermediate and Lateral Plate Mesoderm: Heart, Blood, and Kidneys
Intermediate Mesoderm: The Kidney
Specification of the Intermediate Mesoderm: Pax8 and Lim1
Reciprocal Interactions of Developing Kidney Tissues
Mechanisms of reciprocal induction
Lateral Plate Mesoderm: Heart and Circulatory System
Heart Development
A minimalist heart
Formation of the heart fields
Specification of the cardiogenic mesoderm
Migration of the cardiac precursor cells
Initial heart cell differentiation
Blood Vessel Formation
Vasculogenesis: The initial formation of blood vessels
Angiogenesis: Sprouting of blood vessels and remodeling of vascular beds
Anti-angiogenesis in normal and abnormal development
Hematopoiesis: Stem Cells and Long-Lived Progenitor Cells
Sites of hematopoiesis
The bone marrow HSC niche
Hematopoietic inductive microenvironments
Coda
CHAPTER 19: Development of the Tetrapod Limb
Limb Anatomy
The Limb Bud
Hox Gene Specification of Limb Skeleton Identity
From proximal to distal: Hox genes in the limb
From fins to fingers: Hox genes and limb evolution
Determining What Kind of Limb to Form and Where to Put It
Specifying the limb fields
Induction of the early limb bud
Outgrowth: Generating the Proximal-Distal Axis of the Limb
The apical ectodermal ridge
Specifying the limb mesoderm: Determining the proximal-distal polarity
Turing’s model: A reaction-diffusion mechanism of proximal-distal limb development
Specifying the Anterior-Posterior Axis
Sonic hedgehog defines a zone of polarizing activity
Specifying digit identity by Sonic hedgehog
Sonic hedgehog and FGFs: Another positive feedback loop
Hox specification of the digits
A Turing model for self-organizing digit skeletogenesis
Generating the Dorsal-Ventral Axis
Cell Death and the Formation of Digits and Joints
Sculpting the autopod
Forming the joints
Continued limb growth: Epiphyseal plates
Fibroblast growth factor receptors: Dwarfism
Evolution by Altering Limb Signaling Centers
CHAPTER 20: The Endoderm: Tubes and Organs for Digestion and Respiration
The Pharynx
The Digestive Tube and Its Derivatives
Specification of the gut tissue
Accessory organs: The liver, pancreas, and gallbladder
The Respiratory Tube
PART VI Postembryonic Development
CHAPTER 21: Metamorphosis: The Hormonal Reactivation of Development
Amphibian Metamorphosis
Morphological changes associated with amphibian metamorphosis
Hormonal control of amphibian metamorphosis
Regionally specific developmental programs
Metamorphosis in Insects
Imaginal discs
Hormonal control of insect metamorphosis
The molecular biology of 20-hydroxyecdysone activity
Determination of the wing imaginal discs
Metamorphosis of the Pluteus Larva
CHAPTER 22: Regeneration
Many Ways to Rebuild
Hydra: Stem Cell-Mediated Regeneration, Morphallaxis, and Epimorphosis
Routine cell replacement by three types of stem cells
The head activator
The head inhibition gradients
Stem Cell-Mediated Regeneration in Flatworms
Salamanders: Epimorphic Limb Regeneration
Formation of the apical epidermal cap and regeneration blastema
Proliferation of the blastema cells: The requirement for nerves and the apical epidermal cap
Luring the Mechanisms of Regeneration from Zebrafish Organs
Regeneration in Mammals
CHAPTER 23: Aging and Senescence
Genes and Aging
DNA repair enzymes
Aging and the insulin signaling cascade
The mTORC1 pathway
Chromatin modification
Random Epigenetic Drift
Stem Cells and Aging
Exceptions to the Aging Rule
PART VII Development in Wider Contexts
CHAPTER 24: Development in Health and Disease: Birth Defects, Endocrine Disruptors, and Cancer
The Role of Chance
Genetic Errors of Human Development
The nature of human syndromes
Genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity
Teratogenesis: Environmental Assaults on Animal Development
Alcohol as a teratogen
Retinoic acid as a teratogen
Endocrine Disruptors: The Embryonic Origins of Adult Disease
Diethylstilbestrol (DES)
Bisphenol A (BPA)
Atrazine: Endocrine disruption through hormone synthesis
Fracking: A potential new source of endocrine disruption
Transgenerational Inheritance of Developmental Disorders
Cancer as a Disease of Development
Developmental therapies for cancer
Coda
CHAPTER 25: Development and the Environment: Biotic, Abiotic, and Symbiotic Regulation of Development
The Environment as a Normal Agent in Producing Phenotypes
Diet-induced polyphenisms
Predator-induced polyphenisms
Temperature as an environmental agent
Polyphenic Life Cycles
Larval settlement
The hard life of spadefoot toads
Developmental Symbioses
Mechanisms of developmental symbiosis: Getting the partners together
The Euprymna-Vibrio symbiosis
Obligate developmental mutualism
Developmental symbiosis in the mammalian intestine
Coda
CHAPTER 26: Development and Evolution: Developmental Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change
Descent with Modification: Why Animals Are Alike and Different
Preconditions for Evolution: The Developmental Structure of the Genome
Modularity: Divergence through dissociation
Molecular parsimony: Gene duplication and divergence
Deep Homology
Mechanisms of Evolutionary Change
Heterotopy
Heterochrony
Heterometry
Heterotypy
Developmental Constraints on Evolution
Selectable Epigenetic Variation
Genetic assimilation
Fixation of environmentally induced phenotypes
Coda
Glossary
Index
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