| Author: |
Harsh Mohan
|
| Release at: | 2015 |
| Pages: | 969 |
| Edition: |
Seventh Edition
|
| File Size: | 77 MB |
| File Type: | |
| Language: | English |
Description of Textbook of PATHOLOGY
This is the 7th edition of Textbook of Pathology by Harsh Mohan, I look back with satisfaction how this book has grown phenomenally since its modest beginning in 1992. In this year's successive editions of the Textbook of Pathology have brought me closer to enumerable won me, life-long friends, well-wishers, rewarded me with respect and faith of my colleagues, got me blessings of senior professionals, and earned me the affection of innumerable students and fans. It has been a really highly gratifying journey so far. Sometimes, such an abiding trust by users of previous editions of my pathology textbook certainly puts an onerous responsibility on me to come up to their expectations and make it better with every new edition. It is this zeal and motivation which I pursued while preparing the thoroughly updated and transformed. Textbook of Pathology 7th edition which I am pleased to present to users.
Diagnostic pathology has been growing exponentially with advances in immunology, molecular methods, and cytogenetics, besides the ready availability of immunohistochemistry. In fact, in the current era, immunophenotyping and cytogenetics have been recommended as defining criteria for classification, diagnosis, and prognostication of the growing number of cancers. In such a scenario, it is quite natural that pathology undergraduate students should be made aware of what is happening of diagnostic science in the realm while at the same time not forgetting to lose hold of the fundamental aspects of the pathology of diseases.
This textbook is primarily meant, a balanced approach for pathology learning is recommended i.e. the students must learn recent knowledge of aetiology, the pathogenesis of diseases, simultaneously and basic morphologic pathology they should know the contribution of modern diagnostic techniques mentioned above towards achieving the goal of final diagnosis that is prognostically relevant as well. This philosophy for learning and teaching of pathology has been followed in the present edition but without disturbing the basic format of this pathology book.
Content of Textbook of PATHOLOGY
Section I: GENERAL PATHOLOGY
Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathology 1
Study of Pathology, 1: Health and Disease, 1; Common Terms in Pathology, 1
Evolution of Pathology, 2: Prehistoric Times to Medieval Period, 2; Human Anatomy and Era of Gross Pathology, 3; Era of Technology Development and Cellular Pathology, 4; Modern Pathology, 6;
Telepathology and Virtual Microscopy, 7
Subdivisions of Pathology, 7: Morphological Branches, 7; Non-Morphological Branches, 8
Chapter 2: Cell Injury, Cellular Adaptations and Cellular Ageing 9
Cell Injury, 9: Etiology of Cell Injury, 9; Pathogenesis of Cell Injury, 10; Morphology of Reversible Cell Injury, 17; Intracellular Accumulations, 19; Pigments, 22; Morphology of Irreversible Cell Injury (Cell Death), 26; Changes after Cell Death, 32
Adaptive Disorders, 37: Atrophy, 37; Hypertrophy, 38; Hyperplasia, 39; Metaplasia, 39; Dysplasia, 41
Ageing, 42: Theories of Ageing, 42; Organ Changes in Ageing, 43
Chapter 3: Immunopathology Including Amyloidosis 44
The Immune System, 44: Organs and Cells of Immune System, 44; Cytokines, 48; HLA System and Major Histocompatibility Complex, 48; Transplant Rejection, 49
Diseases of Immunity, 50: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), 51; Hypersensitivity Reactions (Immunologic Tissue Injury), 57; Autoimmune Diseases, 61
Amyloidosis, 66: Physical and Chemical Nature of Amyloid, 67; Pathogenesis of Amyloidosis, 69;
Classification of Amyloidosis, 70; Staining Characteristics of Amyloid, 72; Diagnosis of Amyloidosis, 73;
Morphologic Features of Amyloidosis of Organs, 73; Prognosis of Amyloidosis, 75
Chapter 4: Derangements of Homeostasis and Haemodynamics 78
Homeostasis, 78: Normal Water and Electrolyte Balance (Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium), 79;
Acid-Base Balance, 79; Pressure Gradients and Fluid Exchanges, 79
Disturbances of Body Water, 80: Oedema, 80; Dehydration, 87; Overhydration, 87
Disturbances of Electrolytes and pH of Blood, 88: Acid Base Imbalance, 89
Haemodynamic Derangements, 89: Disturbances in the Volume of Circulating Blood, 90;
Circulatory Disturbances of Obstructive Nature, 99
Chapter 5: Inflammation and Healing 116
Acute Inflammation, 116: Acute Inflammatory Response, 116; Mediators of Inflammation, 122;
Regulation of Inflammation, 127; The Inflammatory Cells, 128; Acute Inflammation—Factors, Morphology, Effects, Fate, 131
Chronic Inflammation, 134: Granulomatous Inflammation, 135; Examples of Granulomatous Inflammation, 137
Healing, 155: Regeneration and Repair, 155; Healing of Skin Wounds, 158; Healing in Specialised Tissues, 161; Stem Cell Concept of Healing—Regenerative Medicine, 163
Chapter 6: Infectious and Parasitic Diseases 165
Diseases Caused by Bacteria, Spirochaetes and Mycobacteria, 167: Plague, 167; Anthrax, 168;
Whooping Cough (Pertussis), 169; Donovanosis, 170; Lymphogranuloma Venereum, 170;
Cat-Scratch Disease, 170; Staphylococcal Infections, 170; Streptococcal Infections, 171;
Clostridial Diseases, 172
Diseases Caused by Fungi, 173: Mycetoma, 173; Candidiasis, 173; Cutaneous Superficial Mycosis, 174
Diseases Caused by Viruses, 174: Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers, 175; Influenza Virus Infections, 176;
Varicella Zoster Virus Infection, 177; Herpes Simplex Virus Infection, 177; Rabies, 178
Diseases Caused by Parasites, 178: Amoebiasis, 178; Malaria, 179; Filariasis, 180; Cysticercosis, 181
Torch Complex, 182:
Chapter 7: Neoplasia 184
Nomenclature and Classification, 184
Characteristics of Tumours, 186
I. Rate of Growth, 186; II. Cancer Phenotype and Stem Cells, 188; III. Clinical and Gross Features, 188;
IV. Microscopic Features, 188; V. Spread of Tumours, 192; Grading and Staging of Cancer, 197
Epidemiology and Molecular Pathogenesis of Cancer, 197: Epidemiologic Factors, 198;
Molecular Basis of Cancer, 201
Carcinogens and Carcinogenesis, 209: A. Chemical Carcinogenesis, 210;
B. Physical Carcinogenesis, 214; C. Biologic Carcinogenesis, 216
Clinical Aspects of Neoplasia, 222: Host Response against Tumour (Tumour Immunology), 222;
Effect of Tumour on Host, 224; Pathologic Diagnosis of Cancer, 226
Chapter 8: Environmental and Nutritional Diseases 231
Environmental Diseases, 231: Environmental Pollution, 231; Chemical and Drug Injury, 233;
Injury by Physical Agents, 237
Nutritional Diseases, 238: Obesity, 238; Starvation, 240; Protein-Energy Malnutrition, 240;
Metals and Trace Elements, 240; Disorders of Vitamins, 241; Diet and Cancer, 249
Chapter 9: Genetic and Paediatric Diseases 251
Genetic Diseases, 251: Developmental Defects, 251; Cytogenetic (Karyotypic) Abnormalities, 252;
Single-Gene Defects (Mendelian Disorders), 254; Multifactorial Inheritance, 256; Storage Diseases (Inborn Errors of Metabolism), 256
Other Paediatric Diseases, 258: Tumours of Infancy and Childhood, 259
Section II: HAEMATOLOGY AND LYMPHORETICULAR TISSUES
Chapter 10: Introduction to Haematopoietic System and Disorders of Erythroid Series 261
Bone Marrow and Haematopoiesis, 261: Haematopoietic Organs, 261; Haematopoietic Stem Cells, 262; Bone Marrow Examination, 262
Erythropoiesis, 264: Erythropoietin, 264; Erythroid Series, 265; The Red Cell, 265;
Nutritional Requirements for Erythro poiesis, 266
Anaemia—General Considerations, 268: General Clinical Features, 268; General Scheme of Investigations of Anaemia, 269; Classification of Anaemias, 271
Hypochromic Anaemias, 272: Iron Deficiency Anaemia, 272; Sideroblastic Anaemia, 277; Anaemia of Chronic Disorders, 278
Megaloblastic Anaemias—Vitamin B 12 and Folate Deficiency, 280: Megaloblastic Anaemia, 280;
Pernicious Anaemia, 285
Haemolytic Anaemias and Anaemia due to Blood Loss, 286: General Aspects, 287;
I. Acquired Haemolytic Anaemias, 288; II. Hereditary Haemolytic Anaemias, 291;
Anaemia of Blood Loss, 301
Aplastic Anaemia and Other Primary Bone Marrow Disorders, 301: Aplastic Anaemia, 301;
Myelophthisic Anaemia, 303; Pure Red Cell Aplasia, 303
Chapter 11: Disorders of Platelets, Bleeding Disorders and Basic Transfusion Medicine 305
Disorders of Platelets, 305: Investigations of Haemostatic Function, 306
Bleeding Disorders (Haemorrhagic Diathesis), 309: Haemorrhagic Diatheses due to Vascular Disorders, 309; Haemorrhagic Diatheses due to Platelet Disorders, 310;
Coagulation Disorders, 313; Other Bleeding and Coagulation Disorders, 315
Blood Groups and Blood Transfusion, 317: Blood Transfusion, 318; Haemolytic Disease of Newborn, 319
Chapter 12: Disorders of Leucocytes and Lymphoreticular Tissues 321
Lymph Nodes: Normal and Reactive, 321: Reactive Lymphadenitis, 322
White Blood Cells: Normal and Reactive, 324: Granulopoiesis, 324; Lymphopoiesis, 326;
Mature Leucocytes in Health and Reactive Proliferation in Disease, 326; Infectious Mononucleosis, 329;
Leukaemoid Reactions, 331
Lymphohaematopoietic Malignancies (Leukaemias-Lymphomas): General, 333: Etiology of Lymphohaematopoietic Malignancies, 334; Pathogenesis, 334
Myeloid Neoplasms, 335: Myeloproliferative Diseases, 335; Acute Myeloid Leukaemia, 340;
Myelodysplastic Syndromes, 343
Lymphoid Neoplasms: General, 344: Common to ALL Lymphoid Malignancies, 347 Hodgkin’s Disease, 348
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas-Leukaemias, 352: Precursor (Immature) B- and T-Cell Leukaemia/Lymphoma, 353; Peripheral (Mature) B-Cell Malignancies, 355; Peripheral (Mature) T-Cell Malignancies, 359; Staging of NHL, 360; Lymph Node Metastatic Tumours, 360
Plasma Cell Disorders, 360
Histiocytic Neoplasms: Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, 365
Spleen, 366: Splenic Enlargement and Effects on Function, 367
Thymus, 368: Structural and Functional Changes in Thymus, 369
Section III: SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY
Chapter 13: The Blood Vessels and Lymphatics 370
Normal Structure, 370
Arteriosclerosis, 371: Senile Arteriosclerosis, 371; Hypertensive Arteriolosclerosis, 371;
Mönckeberg’s Arteriosclerosis (Medial Calcific Sclerosis), 372; Atherosclerosis, 373
Vasculitis, 381: I. Infectious Arteritis, 381; II. Non-Infectious Arteritis, 382
Aneurysms, 386
Common Diseases of Veins, 389
Diseases of Lymphatics, 390
Tumours and Tumour-like Lesions, 391: A. Benign Tumours and Hamartomas, 391;
B. Intermediate Grade Tumours, 394; C. Malignant Tumours, 394
Chapter 14: The Heart 397
Normal Structure and Classification, 397
Heart Failure, 399: Etiology, 399; Types of Heart Failure, 399; Compensatory Mechanisms: Cardiac Hypertrophy and Dilatation, 400
Congenital Heart Disease, 402: I. Malpositions of the Heart, 403; II. Shunts (Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease), 403; III. Obstructions (Obstructive Congenital Heart Disease), 406
Ischaemic Heart Disease, 407: Etiopathogenesis, 407; Effects of Myocardial Ischaemia, 408
Hypertensive Heart Disease, 417
Cor Pulmonale, 418
Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease, 418
Non-Rheumatic Endocarditis, 424: Atypical Verrucous (Libman-Sacks) Endocarditis, 424;
Non-Bacterial Thrombotic (Cachectic, Marantic) Endocarditis, 425; Infective (Bacterial) Endocarditis, 425
Valvular Diseases and Deformities, 429
Myocardial Diseases, 432: Myocarditis, 432; Cardiomyopathy, 434
Pericardial Diseases, 437: Pericardial Fluid Accumulations, 437; Pericarditis, 437
Tumours of the Heart, 439
Pathology of Cardiovascular Interventions, 440
Chapter 15: The Respiratory System 442
Normal Structure of Lungs, 442
Paediatric Lung Disease, 443
Pulmonary Vascular Disease, 446
Pulmonary Infections, 448: Pneumonias, 448; Lung Abscess, 457; Pulmonary Tuberculosis, 457
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 458: Chronic Bronchitis, 458; E Chronic Restrictive Pulmonary Disease, 467: Pneumoconioses, 467; ILDs Associated with Immunologic Lung Diseases, 474; ILDs Associated with Connective Tissue Diseases, 475;
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, 476; ILDs Associated with Smoking, 476
Tumours of Lungs, 477: Bronchogenic Carcinoma, 477; Bronchial Carcinoid and Other Neuroendocrine Tumours, 483; Hamartoma, 484; Metastatic Lung Tumours, 484
Diseases of Pleura, 485: Inflammations, 485; Non-Inflammatory Pleural Effusions, 485;
Pneumothorax, 485; Tumours of Pleura, 486; Secondary Pleural Tumours, 487
Chapter 16: The Eye, ENT and Neck 488
Eye, 488: Congenital Lesions, 488; Inflammatory Conditions, 489; Vascular Lesions, 489;
Miscellaneous Conditions, 491; Tumours and Tumour-like Lesions, 492
Ear, 495: Inflammatory and Miscellaneous Lesions, 495; Tumours and Tumour-Like Lesions, 495
Nose and Paranasal Sinuses, 496: Inflammatory Conditions, 496; Tumours, 498
Pharynx, 499: Inflammatory Conditions, 499; Tumours, 499
Larynx, 500: Inflammatory Conditions, 500; Tumours, 500
Neck, 501: Cysts of Neck, 502; Tumours, 502
Chapter 17: The Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands 504
Oral Soft Tissues, 504: Developmental Anomalies, 504; Mucocutaneous Lesions, 504;
Inflammatory and Pigmentary Diseases, 504; Tumours and Tumour-like Lesions, 505
Teeth and Periodontal Tissues, 509: Inflammatory Diseases, 510; Epithelial Cysts of the Jaw, 511;
Odontogenic Tumours, 513
Salivary Glands, 515: Inflammatory and Salivary Flow Diseases, 515; Tumours of Salivary Glands, 516
Chapter 18: The Gastrointestinal Tract 521
Oesophagus, 521: Congenital Anomalies, 521; Muscular Dysfunctions, 521; Haematemesis of Oesophageal Origin, 522; Inflammatory Lesions, 523; Tumours of Oesophagus, 524
Stomach, 526: Gastric Analysis, 527; Congenital and Miscellaneous Acquired Conditions, 529;
Inflammatory Conditions, 529; Haematemesis and Melaena of Gastric Origin, 537; Tumours and Tumour-like Lesions, 537
Small Intestine, 544: Congenital Anomalies and Intestinal Obstruction, 544; Ischaemic Bowel Disease (Ischaemic Enterocolitis), 546; Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis), 548; Infective and Other Enterocolitis, 552; Malabsorption Syndrome, 556;
Small Intestinal Tumours, 559
Appendix, 561: Appendicitis, 561; Tumours of Appendix, 562
Large Bowel, 563: Congenital and Other Miscellaneous Conditions, 563; Polyps and Tumours of Large Bowel, 566; Causes of Gastrointestinal Bleeding, 573
Peritoneum, 574: Peritonitis, 574; Tumour-like Lesions and Tumours, 575
Chapter 19: The Liver, Biliary Tract and Exocrine Pancreas 577
Liver, 577: Liver Function Tests, 578; Jaundice—General, 581; Neonatal Jaundice, 585;
Hepatic Failure, 587; Circulatory Disturbances, 589; Viral Hepatitis, 590; Other Infections and Infestations, 599; Chemical and Drug Injury, 601; Cirrhosis, 603; Portal Hypertension, 615;
Hepatic Tumours and Tumour-like Lesions, 617
Biliary Tract, 623: Congenital Anomalies, 623; Cholelithiasis (Gallstones), 623;
Cholecystitis, 626; Tumours of Biliary Tract, 628
Exocrine Pancreas, 630: Developmental Anomalies, 631; Pancreatitis, 631;
Tumours and Tumour-like Lesions, 633
Chapter 20: The Kidney and Lower Urinary Tract 636
Kidney, 636: Renal Function Tests, 639; Pathophysiology of Renal Disease: Renal Failure, 640;
Congenital Malformations, 643; Glomerular Diseases, 647; Pathogenesis of Glomerular Injury, 649;
Specific Types of Glomerular Diseases, 652; Tubular and Tubulointerstitial Diseases, 666;
Obstructive Uropathy, 672; Renal Vascular Diseases, 675; Tumours of Kidney, 680
Lower Urinary Tract, 685: Congenital Anomalies, 685; Inflammations, 685; Tumours, 686
Chapter 21: The Male Reproductive System and Prostate 691
Testis and Epididymis, 691: Developmental Disorders, 691; Inflammations, 692;
Miscellaneous Lesions, 694; Testicular Tumours, 694
Penis, 702: Developmental and Inflammatory Disorders, 702; Tumours, 702
Prostate, 703: Prostatitis, 704; Nodular Hyperplasia, 705; Carcinoma of Prostate, 706
Chapter 22: The Female Genital Tract 710
Vulva, 710: Miscellaneous Conditions, 710; Vulval Tumours, 711
Vagina, 712: Vaginitis and Vulvovaginitis, 712; Tumours and Tumour-like Conditions, 713
Cervix, 713: Cervicitis, 713; Tumours, 714
Myometrium and Endometrium, 719: Effects of Hormones, 720; Endometritis and Myometritis, 721; Adenomyosis, 721; Endometriosis, 722; Endometrial Hyperplasias, 723;
Tumours of Endometrium and Myometrium, 723
Fallopian Tubes, 728: Inflammations, 728; Ectopic Tubal Pregnancy, 729; Tumours and Tumour-like Lesions, 729
Ovaries, 729: Non-Neoplastic Cysts, 729; Ovarian Tumours, 730
Placenta, 741: Hydatidiform Mole, 741; Choriocarcinoma, 742
Chapter 23: The Breast 745
Non-Neoplastic Conditions, 746: Inflammations, 746; Fibrocystic Change, 746;
Gynaecomastia (Hypertrophy of Male Breast), 748
Breast Tumours, 748: Fibroadenoma, 748; Phyllodes Tumour (Cystosarcoma Phyllodes), 749;
Intraductal Papilloma, 749; Carcinoma of the Breast, 750
Chapter 24: The Skin 759
Dermatoses, 760: I. Genetic Dermatoses, 760; II. Non-Infectious Inflammatory Dermatoses, 761;
III. Infectious Dermatoses, 762; IV. Granulomatous Diseases, 765; V. Connective Tissue Dermatoses, 765;
VI. Non-Infectious Bullous Dermatoses, 766; VII. Scaling Dermatoses, 768; VIII. Metabolic Diseases of Skin, 769
Tumours and Tumour-like Lesions, 770: I. Tumours and Cysts of the Epidermis, 771;
II. Adnexal (Appendageal) Tumours, 776; III. Melanocytic Tumours, 777; IV. Tumours of the Dermis, 779; V. Cellular Migrant Tumours, 780
Chapter 25: The Endocrine System 782
Basic Concept of Endocrines, 782: Neuroendocrine System, 782; The Endocrine System, 782
Pituitary Gland, 784: Hyperpituitarism, 784; Hypopituitarism, 785; Pituitary Tumours, 786
Adrenal Gland, 787: Adrenocortical Hyperfunction (Hyperadrenalism), 788; Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Hypoadrenalism), 789; Tumours of Adrenal Glands, 790
Thyroid Gland, 792: Functional Disorders, 793; Thyroiditis, 794; Graves’ Disease (Diffuse Toxic Goitre), 796; Goitre, 797; Thyroid Tumours, 800
Parathyroid Glands, 806: Hyperparathyroidism, 806; Hypoparathyroidism, 807;
Parathyroid Tumours, 808
Endocrine Pancreas, 808: Diabetes Mellitus, 808; Islet Cell Tumours, 818
Miscellaneous Endocrine Tumours, 819
Chapter 26: The Musculoskeletal System 821
Skeletal System, 821: Infection, Necrosis, Fracture Healing, 822; Disorders of Bone Growth and Development, 825; Metabolic and Endocrine Bone Diseases, 826; Paget’s Disease of Bone (Osteitis Deformans), 828; Tumour-like Lesions of Bone, 829; Tumours of Bone and Cartilage, 831
Joints, 841: Degenerative Joint Disease (Osteoarthritis), 842; Inflammatory Joint Diseases, 843
Skeletal Muscles, 848: Neurogenic Diseases, 848; Myopathic Diseases (Myopathies), 850
Chapter 27: Soft Tissue Tumours 851
General Features, 851
Soft Tissue Tumours, 853: Tumours and Tumour-like Lesions of Fibrous Tissue, 853;
Fibrohistiocytic Tumours, 855; Tumours of Adipose Tissue, 857; Skeletal Muscle Tumours, 859;
Tumours of Uncertain Histogenesis, 861
Chapter 28: The Nervous System 863
Central Nervous System, 863: Developmental Anomalies and Hydrocephalus, 865;
Infections of CNS, 866; Cerebrovascular Diseases, 871; Miscellaneous Diseases, 875;
Tumours of the CNS, 878
Peripheral Nervous System, 884: Pathologic Reactions to Injury, 884; Peripheral Neuropathy, 884;
Nerve Sheath Tumours, 885
APPENDICES
Appendix I: Basic Diagnostic Cytology 888
Exfoliative Cytology, 889: I. Gynaecologic Exfoliative Cytology, 889; II. Non-Gynaecologic Exfoliative Cytology, 894; Techniques in Exfoliative Cytology, 897
Interventional Cytology, 899: I. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology, 899; II. Imprint Cytology, 905;
III. Crush Smear Cytology, 905; IV. Biopsy Sediment Cytology, 905
Appendix II: Answers to Clinical Cases 906
Preamble, 906
Appendix III: Normal Values 915
Weights and Measurements of Normal Organs, 915
Laboratory Values of Clinical Significance, 916
Further Reading 923
Index 931
List of Clinical Cases 954
Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathology 1
Study of Pathology, 1: Health and Disease, 1; Common Terms in Pathology, 1
Evolution of Pathology, 2: Prehistoric Times to Medieval Period, 2; Human Anatomy and Era of Gross Pathology, 3; Era of Technology Development and Cellular Pathology, 4; Modern Pathology, 6;
Telepathology and Virtual Microscopy, 7
Subdivisions of Pathology, 7: Morphological Branches, 7; Non-Morphological Branches, 8
Chapter 2: Cell Injury, Cellular Adaptations and Cellular Ageing 9
Cell Injury, 9: Etiology of Cell Injury, 9; Pathogenesis of Cell Injury, 10; Morphology of Reversible Cell Injury, 17; Intracellular Accumulations, 19; Pigments, 22; Morphology of Irreversible Cell Injury (Cell Death), 26; Changes after Cell Death, 32
Adaptive Disorders, 37: Atrophy, 37; Hypertrophy, 38; Hyperplasia, 39; Metaplasia, 39; Dysplasia, 41
Ageing, 42: Theories of Ageing, 42; Organ Changes in Ageing, 43
Chapter 3: Immunopathology Including Amyloidosis 44
The Immune System, 44: Organs and Cells of Immune System, 44; Cytokines, 48; HLA System and Major Histocompatibility Complex, 48; Transplant Rejection, 49
Diseases of Immunity, 50: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), 51; Hypersensitivity Reactions (Immunologic Tissue Injury), 57; Autoimmune Diseases, 61
Amyloidosis, 66: Physical and Chemical Nature of Amyloid, 67; Pathogenesis of Amyloidosis, 69;
Classification of Amyloidosis, 70; Staining Characteristics of Amyloid, 72; Diagnosis of Amyloidosis, 73;
Morphologic Features of Amyloidosis of Organs, 73; Prognosis of Amyloidosis, 75
Chapter 4: Derangements of Homeostasis and Haemodynamics 78
Homeostasis, 78: Normal Water and Electrolyte Balance (Gibbs-Donnan Equilibrium), 79;
Acid-Base Balance, 79; Pressure Gradients and Fluid Exchanges, 79
Disturbances of Body Water, 80: Oedema, 80; Dehydration, 87; Overhydration, 87
Disturbances of Electrolytes and pH of Blood, 88: Acid Base Imbalance, 89
Haemodynamic Derangements, 89: Disturbances in the Volume of Circulating Blood, 90;
Circulatory Disturbances of Obstructive Nature, 99
Chapter 5: Inflammation and Healing 116
Acute Inflammation, 116: Acute Inflammatory Response, 116; Mediators of Inflammation, 122;
Regulation of Inflammation, 127; The Inflammatory Cells, 128; Acute Inflammation—Factors, Morphology, Effects, Fate, 131
Chronic Inflammation, 134: Granulomatous Inflammation, 135; Examples of Granulomatous Inflammation, 137
Healing, 155: Regeneration and Repair, 155; Healing of Skin Wounds, 158; Healing in Specialised Tissues, 161; Stem Cell Concept of Healing—Regenerative Medicine, 163
Chapter 6: Infectious and Parasitic Diseases 165
Diseases Caused by Bacteria, Spirochaetes and Mycobacteria, 167: Plague, 167; Anthrax, 168;
Whooping Cough (Pertussis), 169; Donovanosis, 170; Lymphogranuloma Venereum, 170;
Cat-Scratch Disease, 170; Staphylococcal Infections, 170; Streptococcal Infections, 171;
Clostridial Diseases, 172
Diseases Caused by Fungi, 173: Mycetoma, 173; Candidiasis, 173; Cutaneous Superficial Mycosis, 174
Diseases Caused by Viruses, 174: Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers, 175; Influenza Virus Infections, 176;
Varicella Zoster Virus Infection, 177; Herpes Simplex Virus Infection, 177; Rabies, 178
Diseases Caused by Parasites, 178: Amoebiasis, 178; Malaria, 179; Filariasis, 180; Cysticercosis, 181
Torch Complex, 182:
Chapter 7: Neoplasia 184
Nomenclature and Classification, 184
Characteristics of Tumours, 186
I. Rate of Growth, 186; II. Cancer Phenotype and Stem Cells, 188; III. Clinical and Gross Features, 188;
IV. Microscopic Features, 188; V. Spread of Tumours, 192; Grading and Staging of Cancer, 197
Epidemiology and Molecular Pathogenesis of Cancer, 197: Epidemiologic Factors, 198;
Molecular Basis of Cancer, 201
Carcinogens and Carcinogenesis, 209: A. Chemical Carcinogenesis, 210;
B. Physical Carcinogenesis, 214; C. Biologic Carcinogenesis, 216
Clinical Aspects of Neoplasia, 222: Host Response against Tumour (Tumour Immunology), 222;
Effect of Tumour on Host, 224; Pathologic Diagnosis of Cancer, 226
Chapter 8: Environmental and Nutritional Diseases 231
Environmental Diseases, 231: Environmental Pollution, 231; Chemical and Drug Injury, 233;
Injury by Physical Agents, 237
Nutritional Diseases, 238: Obesity, 238; Starvation, 240; Protein-Energy Malnutrition, 240;
Metals and Trace Elements, 240; Disorders of Vitamins, 241; Diet and Cancer, 249
Chapter 9: Genetic and Paediatric Diseases 251
Genetic Diseases, 251: Developmental Defects, 251; Cytogenetic (Karyotypic) Abnormalities, 252;
Single-Gene Defects (Mendelian Disorders), 254; Multifactorial Inheritance, 256; Storage Diseases (Inborn Errors of Metabolism), 256
Other Paediatric Diseases, 258: Tumours of Infancy and Childhood, 259
Section II: HAEMATOLOGY AND LYMPHORETICULAR TISSUES
Chapter 10: Introduction to Haematopoietic System and Disorders of Erythroid Series 261
Bone Marrow and Haematopoiesis, 261: Haematopoietic Organs, 261; Haematopoietic Stem Cells, 262; Bone Marrow Examination, 262
Erythropoiesis, 264: Erythropoietin, 264; Erythroid Series, 265; The Red Cell, 265;
Nutritional Requirements for Erythro poiesis, 266
Anaemia—General Considerations, 268: General Clinical Features, 268; General Scheme of Investigations of Anaemia, 269; Classification of Anaemias, 271
Hypochromic Anaemias, 272: Iron Deficiency Anaemia, 272; Sideroblastic Anaemia, 277; Anaemia of Chronic Disorders, 278
Megaloblastic Anaemias—Vitamin B 12 and Folate Deficiency, 280: Megaloblastic Anaemia, 280;
Pernicious Anaemia, 285
Haemolytic Anaemias and Anaemia due to Blood Loss, 286: General Aspects, 287;
I. Acquired Haemolytic Anaemias, 288; II. Hereditary Haemolytic Anaemias, 291;
Anaemia of Blood Loss, 301
Aplastic Anaemia and Other Primary Bone Marrow Disorders, 301: Aplastic Anaemia, 301;
Myelophthisic Anaemia, 303; Pure Red Cell Aplasia, 303
Chapter 11: Disorders of Platelets, Bleeding Disorders and Basic Transfusion Medicine 305
Disorders of Platelets, 305: Investigations of Haemostatic Function, 306
Bleeding Disorders (Haemorrhagic Diathesis), 309: Haemorrhagic Diatheses due to Vascular Disorders, 309; Haemorrhagic Diatheses due to Platelet Disorders, 310;
Coagulation Disorders, 313; Other Bleeding and Coagulation Disorders, 315
Blood Groups and Blood Transfusion, 317: Blood Transfusion, 318; Haemolytic Disease of Newborn, 319
Chapter 12: Disorders of Leucocytes and Lymphoreticular Tissues 321
Lymph Nodes: Normal and Reactive, 321: Reactive Lymphadenitis, 322
White Blood Cells: Normal and Reactive, 324: Granulopoiesis, 324; Lymphopoiesis, 326;
Mature Leucocytes in Health and Reactive Proliferation in Disease, 326; Infectious Mononucleosis, 329;
Leukaemoid Reactions, 331
Lymphohaematopoietic Malignancies (Leukaemias-Lymphomas): General, 333: Etiology of Lymphohaematopoietic Malignancies, 334; Pathogenesis, 334
Myeloid Neoplasms, 335: Myeloproliferative Diseases, 335; Acute Myeloid Leukaemia, 340;
Myelodysplastic Syndromes, 343
Lymphoid Neoplasms: General, 344: Common to ALL Lymphoid Malignancies, 347 Hodgkin’s Disease, 348
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphomas-Leukaemias, 352: Precursor (Immature) B- and T-Cell Leukaemia/Lymphoma, 353; Peripheral (Mature) B-Cell Malignancies, 355; Peripheral (Mature) T-Cell Malignancies, 359; Staging of NHL, 360; Lymph Node Metastatic Tumours, 360
Plasma Cell Disorders, 360
Histiocytic Neoplasms: Langerhans Cell Histiocytosis, 365
Spleen, 366: Splenic Enlargement and Effects on Function, 367
Thymus, 368: Structural and Functional Changes in Thymus, 369
Section III: SYSTEMIC PATHOLOGY
Chapter 13: The Blood Vessels and Lymphatics 370
Normal Structure, 370
Arteriosclerosis, 371: Senile Arteriosclerosis, 371; Hypertensive Arteriolosclerosis, 371;
Mönckeberg’s Arteriosclerosis (Medial Calcific Sclerosis), 372; Atherosclerosis, 373
Vasculitis, 381: I. Infectious Arteritis, 381; II. Non-Infectious Arteritis, 382
Aneurysms, 386
Common Diseases of Veins, 389
Diseases of Lymphatics, 390
Tumours and Tumour-like Lesions, 391: A. Benign Tumours and Hamartomas, 391;
B. Intermediate Grade Tumours, 394; C. Malignant Tumours, 394
Chapter 14: The Heart 397
Normal Structure and Classification, 397
Heart Failure, 399: Etiology, 399; Types of Heart Failure, 399; Compensatory Mechanisms: Cardiac Hypertrophy and Dilatation, 400
Congenital Heart Disease, 402: I. Malpositions of the Heart, 403; II. Shunts (Cyanotic Congenital Heart Disease), 403; III. Obstructions (Obstructive Congenital Heart Disease), 406
Ischaemic Heart Disease, 407: Etiopathogenesis, 407; Effects of Myocardial Ischaemia, 408
Hypertensive Heart Disease, 417
Cor Pulmonale, 418
Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease, 418
Non-Rheumatic Endocarditis, 424: Atypical Verrucous (Libman-Sacks) Endocarditis, 424;
Non-Bacterial Thrombotic (Cachectic, Marantic) Endocarditis, 425; Infective (Bacterial) Endocarditis, 425
Valvular Diseases and Deformities, 429
Myocardial Diseases, 432: Myocarditis, 432; Cardiomyopathy, 434
Pericardial Diseases, 437: Pericardial Fluid Accumulations, 437; Pericarditis, 437
Tumours of the Heart, 439
Pathology of Cardiovascular Interventions, 440
Chapter 15: The Respiratory System 442
Normal Structure of Lungs, 442
Paediatric Lung Disease, 443
Pulmonary Vascular Disease, 446
Pulmonary Infections, 448: Pneumonias, 448; Lung Abscess, 457; Pulmonary Tuberculosis, 457
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 458: Chronic Bronchitis, 458; E Chronic Restrictive Pulmonary Disease, 467: Pneumoconioses, 467; ILDs Associated with Immunologic Lung Diseases, 474; ILDs Associated with Connective Tissue Diseases, 475;
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis, 476; ILDs Associated with Smoking, 476
Tumours of Lungs, 477: Bronchogenic Carcinoma, 477; Bronchial Carcinoid and Other Neuroendocrine Tumours, 483; Hamartoma, 484; Metastatic Lung Tumours, 484
Diseases of Pleura, 485: Inflammations, 485; Non-Inflammatory Pleural Effusions, 485;
Pneumothorax, 485; Tumours of Pleura, 486; Secondary Pleural Tumours, 487
Chapter 16: The Eye, ENT and Neck 488
Eye, 488: Congenital Lesions, 488; Inflammatory Conditions, 489; Vascular Lesions, 489;
Miscellaneous Conditions, 491; Tumours and Tumour-like Lesions, 492
Ear, 495: Inflammatory and Miscellaneous Lesions, 495; Tumours and Tumour-Like Lesions, 495
Nose and Paranasal Sinuses, 496: Inflammatory Conditions, 496; Tumours, 498
Pharynx, 499: Inflammatory Conditions, 499; Tumours, 499
Larynx, 500: Inflammatory Conditions, 500; Tumours, 500
Neck, 501: Cysts of Neck, 502; Tumours, 502
Chapter 17: The Oral Cavity and Salivary Glands 504
Oral Soft Tissues, 504: Developmental Anomalies, 504; Mucocutaneous Lesions, 504;
Inflammatory and Pigmentary Diseases, 504; Tumours and Tumour-like Lesions, 505
Teeth and Periodontal Tissues, 509: Inflammatory Diseases, 510; Epithelial Cysts of the Jaw, 511;
Odontogenic Tumours, 513
Salivary Glands, 515: Inflammatory and Salivary Flow Diseases, 515; Tumours of Salivary Glands, 516
Chapter 18: The Gastrointestinal Tract 521
Oesophagus, 521: Congenital Anomalies, 521; Muscular Dysfunctions, 521; Haematemesis of Oesophageal Origin, 522; Inflammatory Lesions, 523; Tumours of Oesophagus, 524
Stomach, 526: Gastric Analysis, 527; Congenital and Miscellaneous Acquired Conditions, 529;
Inflammatory Conditions, 529; Haematemesis and Melaena of Gastric Origin, 537; Tumours and Tumour-like Lesions, 537
Small Intestine, 544: Congenital Anomalies and Intestinal Obstruction, 544; Ischaemic Bowel Disease (Ischaemic Enterocolitis), 546; Inflammatory Bowel Disease (Crohn’s Disease and Ulcerative Colitis), 548; Infective and Other Enterocolitis, 552; Malabsorption Syndrome, 556;
Small Intestinal Tumours, 559
Appendix, 561: Appendicitis, 561; Tumours of Appendix, 562
Large Bowel, 563: Congenital and Other Miscellaneous Conditions, 563; Polyps and Tumours of Large Bowel, 566; Causes of Gastrointestinal Bleeding, 573
Peritoneum, 574: Peritonitis, 574; Tumour-like Lesions and Tumours, 575
Chapter 19: The Liver, Biliary Tract and Exocrine Pancreas 577
Liver, 577: Liver Function Tests, 578; Jaundice—General, 581; Neonatal Jaundice, 585;
Hepatic Failure, 587; Circulatory Disturbances, 589; Viral Hepatitis, 590; Other Infections and Infestations, 599; Chemical and Drug Injury, 601; Cirrhosis, 603; Portal Hypertension, 615;
Hepatic Tumours and Tumour-like Lesions, 617
Biliary Tract, 623: Congenital Anomalies, 623; Cholelithiasis (Gallstones), 623;
Cholecystitis, 626; Tumours of Biliary Tract, 628
Exocrine Pancreas, 630: Developmental Anomalies, 631; Pancreatitis, 631;
Tumours and Tumour-like Lesions, 633
Chapter 20: The Kidney and Lower Urinary Tract 636
Kidney, 636: Renal Function Tests, 639; Pathophysiology of Renal Disease: Renal Failure, 640;
Congenital Malformations, 643; Glomerular Diseases, 647; Pathogenesis of Glomerular Injury, 649;
Specific Types of Glomerular Diseases, 652; Tubular and Tubulointerstitial Diseases, 666;
Obstructive Uropathy, 672; Renal Vascular Diseases, 675; Tumours of Kidney, 680
Lower Urinary Tract, 685: Congenital Anomalies, 685; Inflammations, 685; Tumours, 686
Chapter 21: The Male Reproductive System and Prostate 691
Testis and Epididymis, 691: Developmental Disorders, 691; Inflammations, 692;
Miscellaneous Lesions, 694; Testicular Tumours, 694
Penis, 702: Developmental and Inflammatory Disorders, 702; Tumours, 702
Prostate, 703: Prostatitis, 704; Nodular Hyperplasia, 705; Carcinoma of Prostate, 706
Chapter 22: The Female Genital Tract 710
Vulva, 710: Miscellaneous Conditions, 710; Vulval Tumours, 711
Vagina, 712: Vaginitis and Vulvovaginitis, 712; Tumours and Tumour-like Conditions, 713
Cervix, 713: Cervicitis, 713; Tumours, 714
Myometrium and Endometrium, 719: Effects of Hormones, 720; Endometritis and Myometritis, 721; Adenomyosis, 721; Endometriosis, 722; Endometrial Hyperplasias, 723;
Tumours of Endometrium and Myometrium, 723
Fallopian Tubes, 728: Inflammations, 728; Ectopic Tubal Pregnancy, 729; Tumours and Tumour-like Lesions, 729
Ovaries, 729: Non-Neoplastic Cysts, 729; Ovarian Tumours, 730
Placenta, 741: Hydatidiform Mole, 741; Choriocarcinoma, 742
Chapter 23: The Breast 745
Non-Neoplastic Conditions, 746: Inflammations, 746; Fibrocystic Change, 746;
Gynaecomastia (Hypertrophy of Male Breast), 748
Breast Tumours, 748: Fibroadenoma, 748; Phyllodes Tumour (Cystosarcoma Phyllodes), 749;
Intraductal Papilloma, 749; Carcinoma of the Breast, 750
Chapter 24: The Skin 759
Dermatoses, 760: I. Genetic Dermatoses, 760; II. Non-Infectious Inflammatory Dermatoses, 761;
III. Infectious Dermatoses, 762; IV. Granulomatous Diseases, 765; V. Connective Tissue Dermatoses, 765;
VI. Non-Infectious Bullous Dermatoses, 766; VII. Scaling Dermatoses, 768; VIII. Metabolic Diseases of Skin, 769
Tumours and Tumour-like Lesions, 770: I. Tumours and Cysts of the Epidermis, 771;
II. Adnexal (Appendageal) Tumours, 776; III. Melanocytic Tumours, 777; IV. Tumours of the Dermis, 779; V. Cellular Migrant Tumours, 780
Chapter 25: The Endocrine System 782
Basic Concept of Endocrines, 782: Neuroendocrine System, 782; The Endocrine System, 782
Pituitary Gland, 784: Hyperpituitarism, 784; Hypopituitarism, 785; Pituitary Tumours, 786
Adrenal Gland, 787: Adrenocortical Hyperfunction (Hyperadrenalism), 788; Adrenocortical Insufficiency (Hypoadrenalism), 789; Tumours of Adrenal Glands, 790
Thyroid Gland, 792: Functional Disorders, 793; Thyroiditis, 794; Graves’ Disease (Diffuse Toxic Goitre), 796; Goitre, 797; Thyroid Tumours, 800
Parathyroid Glands, 806: Hyperparathyroidism, 806; Hypoparathyroidism, 807;
Parathyroid Tumours, 808
Endocrine Pancreas, 808: Diabetes Mellitus, 808; Islet Cell Tumours, 818
Miscellaneous Endocrine Tumours, 819
Chapter 26: The Musculoskeletal System 821
Skeletal System, 821: Infection, Necrosis, Fracture Healing, 822; Disorders of Bone Growth and Development, 825; Metabolic and Endocrine Bone Diseases, 826; Paget’s Disease of Bone (Osteitis Deformans), 828; Tumour-like Lesions of Bone, 829; Tumours of Bone and Cartilage, 831
Joints, 841: Degenerative Joint Disease (Osteoarthritis), 842; Inflammatory Joint Diseases, 843
Skeletal Muscles, 848: Neurogenic Diseases, 848; Myopathic Diseases (Myopathies), 850
Chapter 27: Soft Tissue Tumours 851
General Features, 851
Soft Tissue Tumours, 853: Tumours and Tumour-like Lesions of Fibrous Tissue, 853;
Fibrohistiocytic Tumours, 855; Tumours of Adipose Tissue, 857; Skeletal Muscle Tumours, 859;
Tumours of Uncertain Histogenesis, 861
Chapter 28: The Nervous System 863
Central Nervous System, 863: Developmental Anomalies and Hydrocephalus, 865;
Infections of CNS, 866; Cerebrovascular Diseases, 871; Miscellaneous Diseases, 875;
Tumours of the CNS, 878
Peripheral Nervous System, 884: Pathologic Reactions to Injury, 884; Peripheral Neuropathy, 884;
Nerve Sheath Tumours, 885
APPENDICES
Appendix I: Basic Diagnostic Cytology 888
Exfoliative Cytology, 889: I. Gynaecologic Exfoliative Cytology, 889; II. Non-Gynaecologic Exfoliative Cytology, 894; Techniques in Exfoliative Cytology, 897
Interventional Cytology, 899: I. Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology, 899; II. Imprint Cytology, 905;
III. Crush Smear Cytology, 905; IV. Biopsy Sediment Cytology, 905
Appendix II: Answers to Clinical Cases 906
Preamble, 906
Appendix III: Normal Values 915
Weights and Measurements of Normal Organs, 915
Laboratory Values of Clinical Significance, 916
Further Reading 923
Index 931
List of Clinical Cases 954
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