| Author: |
C. Mauli Agrawal, Joo L. Ong, Mark R. Appleford
& Gopinath Mani |
| Release at: | 2014 |
| Pages: | 422 |
| Edition: |
1st Edition/Basic Theory with Engineering
Applications |
| File Size: | 7 MB |
| File Type: | |
| Language: | English |
Description of Introduction to Biomaterials
An Introduction to Biomaterials written by Mauli Agrawal is a great book for the study of biomaterials also available in eBook like (PDF) free download. The book Introduction to Biomaterials by C. Mauli Agrawal defines Biomaterials how to helped millions of people achieve a better quality of life in almost all corners of the world. Although the use of Introduction to Biomaterials book topic biomaterials has been common over many millennia, it was not until the 20th century that the field of biomaterials finally gained recognition. With the advent of polymers, machining processes and new processing for ceramics, metals, and general advances in technology, there has been an exponential growth in biomaterials related research and development activity over the past few decades. This activity has led to biomaterials based medical devices like a plethora, which are now commercially available.
Scope of biomaterials, this is an especially exciting time. On the one hand, they have the opportunity to meet and learn from some of the stalwarts and pioneers of the field such as Sam Hulbert, one of the founders of the Society for Biomaterials (SFB). Other greats include Allan Hoffman and Buddy Ratner (surfaces biomaterials), Robert Langer (tissue engineering and polymers science), Nicholas Peppas (hydrogels), Jack Lemons (dental implants/orthopedic), Julio Palmaz (intracoronary stents) and Joseph Salamone (contact lenses). Most of these individuals are still active in research and teaching. The authors (C. Mauli Agrawal) of this Introduction to Biomaterials book have been privileged to interact and learn from them in various forums, and students today have the same opportunities. On the other hand, with the current availability of sophisticated processing and characterization technologies, present-day students also have the tools to take the field to unprecedented new levels of innovation.
This Introduction to Biomaterials by C. Mauli Agrawal's book has been written as an introduction to biomaterials for college students. It can be used either at the junior/senior levels of undergraduate education or at the graduate level for biomedical engineering students. It is best suited for students who have already taken an introductory course in biology. We have felt the need for a textbook that caters to all students interested in biomaterials and does not assume that every student intends to become a biomaterials scientist. This Introduction to Biomaterials by C. Mauli Agrawal's book is a balance between science and engineering and presents both scientific principles and engineering applications.
Content of Introduction to Biomaterials
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Definitions 5
1.2 Changing focus 7
1.3 Types of bonds in materials 7
1.3.1 Ionic bonds 7
1.3.2 Metallic bonds 8
1.3.3 Covalent bonds 9
1.3.4 Secondary bonds 10
1.4 Types of materials 11
1.4.1 Ceramics 11
1.4.2 Metals 12
1.4.3 Polymers 14
1.4.4 Composites 14
1.5 Impact of biomaterials 15
1.6 Future of biomaterials 16
1.7 Summary 17
References 17
Problems 18
2 Basic properties of materials 19
2.1 Mechanical properties 20
2.1.1 Tensile testing 21
2.1.2 Compressive testing 26
2.1.3 Shear testing 27
2.1.4 Bend or flexural tests 27
2.1.5 Viscoelastic behavior 28
2.1.6 Ductile and brittle fracture 30
2.1.7 Stress concentration 32
2.1.8 Fracture toughness 33
2.1.9 Fatigue 34
2.2 Electrochemical properties 35
2.2.1 Corrosion 35
2.2.2 Types of corrosion 37
2.3 Surface properties 43
2.3.1 Contact angle 44
2.3.2 Hardness 44
2.4 Summary 45
Suggested reading 45
Problems 46
3 Biological systems 48
3.1 The biological environment 48
3.2 Genetic regulation and control systems 51
3.3 The plasma membrane 51
3.3.1 Membranes are phospholipid layers 52
3.4 Cytoskeleton and motility 53
3.5 Cell to cell communication pathways 55
3.6 Cell junctions 57
3.6.1 Tight junctions 57
3.6.2 Gap junctions 59
3.6.3 Adherens and desmosomes 61
3.7 Cell signaling pathways 62
3.7.1 Receptors as signaling sensors 63
3.7.2 Receptor classes 64
3.7.3 Second messengers and their activation/ deactivation 66
3.8 Biological testing techniques 68
3.8.1 Probe and labeling technologies 68
3.8.2 Examination of gene expression 69
3.8.3 The plasma membrane 69
3.8.4 Cytoskeleton and motility 70
3.8.5 Communication between cells 71
3.8.6 Mapping intracellular signaling 72
3.9 Summary 72
Suggested reading 73
Problems 73
4 Characterization of biomaterials 74
4.1 Contact angle 75
4.2 Infrared spectroscopy 80
4.2.1 Attenuated total reflection (ATR) 83
4.2.2 Specular reflectance 85
4.2.3 Infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) 85
4.2.4 Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) 85
4.3 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 87
4.4 Secondary ion mass spectrometry 91
4.5 Atomic force microscopy 94
4.6 Scanning electron microscopy 98
4.7 Transmission electron microscopy 100
4.8 X-ray diffraction (XRD) 103
4.9 Chromatography 106
4.9.1 High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 106
4.9.2 gel permeation chromatography (GPC) 108
4.10 Summary 110
Suggested reading 110
References 111
Problems 111
5 Metals: structure and properties 113
5.1 Titanium and its alloys 114
5.1.1 Classification of Ti and its alloys based on crystallographic forms 116
5.1.2 Surface properties 119
5.1.3 Applications 119
5.2 Stainless steel 119
5.2.1 Martensitic stainless steels 120
5.2.2 Ferritic stainless steels 120
5.2.3 Austenitic stainless steels 120
5.2.4 Duplex stainless steels 122
5.2.5 Recent developments in stainless steel alloys 122
5.3 Cobalt–chromium alloys 123
5.3.1 ASTM F75 123
5.3.2 ASTM F799 125
5.3.3 ASTM F90 125
5.3.4 ASTM F562 126
5.4 Nitinol 126
5.5 Tantalum 128
5.6 Magnesium 129
5.7 Summary 130
References 131
Suggested reading 132
Problems 132
6 Polymers 134
6.1 Molecular structure of polymers 135
6.1.1 Molecular weight 139
6.2 Types of polymerization 141
6.3 Physical states of polymers 142
6.3.1 Amorphous phase 142
6.3.2 Crystalline phase 144
6.4 Common polymeric biomaterials 146
6.4.1 Polyethylene 146
6.4.2 Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) 147
6.4.3 Polylactic acid (PLA) and polyglycolic acid (PGA) 150
6.4.4 Polycaprolactone (PCL) 152
6.4.5 Other biodegradable polymers 153
6.4.6 Polyurethanes 153
6.4.7 Silicones 154
6.5 Hydrogels 155
6.5.1 Synthesis of hydrogels 159
6.5.2 Properties of hydrogels 160
6.5.3 Applications 160
6.6 Nano polymers 161
6.7 Summary 162
References 163
Suggested reading 163
Problems 163
7 Ceramics 165
7.1 General properties 166
7.2 Classifications 167
7.2.1 Classification based on form 167
7.2.2 Classification based on composition 168
7.2.3 Classification based on reactivity 169
7.3 Bioceramics 169
7.3.1 Silicate glass 170
7.3.2 Alumina (Al2O3 ) 174
7.3.3 Zirconia (ZrO 2 ) 177
7.3.4 Carbon 179
7.3.5 Calcium phosphates (CaP) 180
7.3.6 Hydroxyapatite (HA) 183
7.3.7 Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) 186
7.3.8 Calcium sulfate (CaSO 4 ·H 2 O) 187
7.3.9 Bioactive glass 188
7.4 Nanoceramics 189
7.5 Summary 195
References 196
Suggested reading 196
Problems 196
8 Natural biomaterials 198
8.1 Collagen 199
8.2 Elastin 204
8.3 Silk 207
8.4 Chitosan 210
8.5 Cellulose 213
8.6 Alginate 217
8.7 Hyaluronan 223
8.8 Chondroitin sulfate 226
8.9 Coral 228
8.10 Summary 231
References 231
Suggested reading 231
Problems 232
9 Surface modification 233
9.1 Abrasive blasting 234
9.2 Plasma glow discharge treatments 237
9.2.1 Direct current glow discharge 239
9.2.2 Alternating current glow discharge 240
9.2.3 Capacitively coupled radiofrequency glow discharge 241
9.2.4 Inductively coupled radiofrequency glow discharge 242
9.3 Thermal spraying 243
9.4 Physical vapor deposition (PVD) 251
9.4.1 Evaporative deposition 252
9.4.2 Pulsed laser deposition 253
9.4.3 Sputter deposition 254
9.5 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 261
9.6 Grafting 264
9.7 Self-assembled monolayer (SAM) 266
9.7.1 Patterning of self-assembled monolayers 271
9.8 Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly 274
9.8.1 Different layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly techniques 277
9.9 Summary 279
References 279
Suggested reading 280
Problems 280
10 Sterilization of biomedical implants 282
10.1 Common terminology 282
10.2 Steam sterilization 283
10.3 Ethylene oxide sterilization 285
10.4 Gamma radiation sterilization 287
10.5 Other sterilization methods 289
10.5.1 Dry heat sterilization 289
10.5.2 Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde treatments 290
10.5.3 Phenolic and hypochlorite solution treatments 290
10.5.4 Ultraviolet (UV) radiation 290
10.5.5 Electron beam sterilization 291
10.6 Recently developed methods 291
10.6.1 Low-temperature gas plasma treatment 291
10.6.2 Gaseous chlorine dioxide treatment 292
10.7 Summary 292
References 293
Suggested reading 293
Problems 294
11 Cell–biomaterial interactions 295
11.1 The extracellular environment 297
11.2 Extracellular matrix mimics 309
11.3 Cell interactions with non-cellular substrates 309
11.4 Biocompatibility testing and techniques 314
11.4.1 Immunostaining techniques for studying cell–ECM interactions 316
11.4.2 Profiling a cell line for its ECM binding characteristics 317
11.4.3 Immunoprecipitation and Western blotting 318
11.5 Summary 319
Reference 319
Suggested reading 319
Problems 320
12 Drug delivery systems 321
12.1 Diffusion controlled drug delivery systems 323
12.1.1 Membrane controlled reservoir systems 323
12.1.2 Monolithic matrix systems 324
12.2 Water penetration controlled drug delivery systems 325
12.2.1 Osmotic pressure controlled drug delivery systems 326
12.2.2 Swelling controlled drug delivery system 327
12.3 Chemically controlled drug delivery systems 328
12.3.1 Polymer–drug dispersion systems 328
12.3.2 Polymer–drug conjugate systems 329
12.4 Responsive drug delivery systems 331
12.4.1 Temperature-responsive drug delivery systems 331
12.4.2 pH-responsive drug delivery systems 332
12.4.3 Solvent-responsive drug delivery systems 333
12.4.4 Ultrasound-responsive drug delivery systems 333
12.4.5 Electrically responsive drug delivery systems 334
12.4.6 Magnetic-sensitive drug delivery systems 334
12.5 Particulate systems 335
12.5.1 Polymeric microparticles 335
12.5.2 Polymeric micelles 336
12.5.3 Liposomes 336
12.6 Summary 337
References 339
Suggested reading 339
Problems 340
13 Tissue engineering 341
13.1 Tissue engineering approaches 342
13.1.1 Assessment of medical need 342
13.1.2 Selecting a tissue engineering strategy 343
13.2 Cells 344
13.2.1 Stem cells 345
13.2.2 Biopreservation of cells 347
13.3 Scaffold properties 349
13.4 Fabrication techniques for polymeric scaffolds 350
13.4.1 Solvent casting and particulate leaching 350
13.4.2 Electrospinning 350
13.4.3 Solid freeform fabrication (SFFF) 351
13.5 Fabrication of natural polymer scaffolds 354
13.6 Fabrication techniques for ceramic scaffolds 357
13.6.1 Template sponge coating 357
13.6.2 Non-sintering techniques 357
13.7 Assessment of scaffold architecture 358
13.8 Cell seeded scaffolds 361
13.8.1 Cell culture bioreactors 361
13.8.2 Cell seeding 363
13.8.3 Growth factors 364
13.8.4 Mechanical modulation 366
13.9 Assessment of cell and tissue properties 367
13.9.1 Cellular properties 367
13.9.2 Tissue properties 371
13.10 Challenges in tissue engineering 372
13.11 Summary 373
References 373
Suggested reading 373
Problems 374
14 Clinical applications 375
14.1 Cardiovascular assist devices 376
14.2 Cardiovascular stents 378
14.3 Dental restoration 381
14.4 Dental implants 384
14.5 Neural prostheses 386
14.6 Opthalmology 387
14.7 Orthopedic implants 390
14.8 Renal 393
14.9 Skin applications 394
14.10 Summary 397
Additional reading 397
Problems 397
Index 399
1.1 Definitions 5
1.2 Changing focus 7
1.3 Types of bonds in materials 7
1.3.1 Ionic bonds 7
1.3.2 Metallic bonds 8
1.3.3 Covalent bonds 9
1.3.4 Secondary bonds 10
1.4 Types of materials 11
1.4.1 Ceramics 11
1.4.2 Metals 12
1.4.3 Polymers 14
1.4.4 Composites 14
1.5 Impact of biomaterials 15
1.6 Future of biomaterials 16
1.7 Summary 17
References 17
Problems 18
2 Basic properties of materials 19
2.1 Mechanical properties 20
2.1.1 Tensile testing 21
2.1.2 Compressive testing 26
2.1.3 Shear testing 27
2.1.4 Bend or flexural tests 27
2.1.5 Viscoelastic behavior 28
2.1.6 Ductile and brittle fracture 30
2.1.7 Stress concentration 32
2.1.8 Fracture toughness 33
2.1.9 Fatigue 34
2.2 Electrochemical properties 35
2.2.1 Corrosion 35
2.2.2 Types of corrosion 37
2.3 Surface properties 43
2.3.1 Contact angle 44
2.3.2 Hardness 44
2.4 Summary 45
Suggested reading 45
Problems 46
3 Biological systems 48
3.1 The biological environment 48
3.2 Genetic regulation and control systems 51
3.3 The plasma membrane 51
3.3.1 Membranes are phospholipid layers 52
3.4 Cytoskeleton and motility 53
3.5 Cell to cell communication pathways 55
3.6 Cell junctions 57
3.6.1 Tight junctions 57
3.6.2 Gap junctions 59
3.6.3 Adherens and desmosomes 61
3.7 Cell signaling pathways 62
3.7.1 Receptors as signaling sensors 63
3.7.2 Receptor classes 64
3.7.3 Second messengers and their activation/ deactivation 66
3.8 Biological testing techniques 68
3.8.1 Probe and labeling technologies 68
3.8.2 Examination of gene expression 69
3.8.3 The plasma membrane 69
3.8.4 Cytoskeleton and motility 70
3.8.5 Communication between cells 71
3.8.6 Mapping intracellular signaling 72
3.9 Summary 72
Suggested reading 73
Problems 73
4 Characterization of biomaterials 74
4.1 Contact angle 75
4.2 Infrared spectroscopy 80
4.2.1 Attenuated total reflection (ATR) 83
4.2.2 Specular reflectance 85
4.2.3 Infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS) 85
4.2.4 Diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) 85
4.3 X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy 87
4.4 Secondary ion mass spectrometry 91
4.5 Atomic force microscopy 94
4.6 Scanning electron microscopy 98
4.7 Transmission electron microscopy 100
4.8 X-ray diffraction (XRD) 103
4.9 Chromatography 106
4.9.1 High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) 106
4.9.2 gel permeation chromatography (GPC) 108
4.10 Summary 110
Suggested reading 110
References 111
Problems 111
5 Metals: structure and properties 113
5.1 Titanium and its alloys 114
5.1.1 Classification of Ti and its alloys based on crystallographic forms 116
5.1.2 Surface properties 119
5.1.3 Applications 119
5.2 Stainless steel 119
5.2.1 Martensitic stainless steels 120
5.2.2 Ferritic stainless steels 120
5.2.3 Austenitic stainless steels 120
5.2.4 Duplex stainless steels 122
5.2.5 Recent developments in stainless steel alloys 122
5.3 Cobalt–chromium alloys 123
5.3.1 ASTM F75 123
5.3.2 ASTM F799 125
5.3.3 ASTM F90 125
5.3.4 ASTM F562 126
5.4 Nitinol 126
5.5 Tantalum 128
5.6 Magnesium 129
5.7 Summary 130
References 131
Suggested reading 132
Problems 132
6 Polymers 134
6.1 Molecular structure of polymers 135
6.1.1 Molecular weight 139
6.2 Types of polymerization 141
6.3 Physical states of polymers 142
6.3.1 Amorphous phase 142
6.3.2 Crystalline phase 144
6.4 Common polymeric biomaterials 146
6.4.1 Polyethylene 146
6.4.2 Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) 147
6.4.3 Polylactic acid (PLA) and polyglycolic acid (PGA) 150
6.4.4 Polycaprolactone (PCL) 152
6.4.5 Other biodegradable polymers 153
6.4.6 Polyurethanes 153
6.4.7 Silicones 154
6.5 Hydrogels 155
6.5.1 Synthesis of hydrogels 159
6.5.2 Properties of hydrogels 160
6.5.3 Applications 160
6.6 Nano polymers 161
6.7 Summary 162
References 163
Suggested reading 163
Problems 163
7 Ceramics 165
7.1 General properties 166
7.2 Classifications 167
7.2.1 Classification based on form 167
7.2.2 Classification based on composition 168
7.2.3 Classification based on reactivity 169
7.3 Bioceramics 169
7.3.1 Silicate glass 170
7.3.2 Alumina (Al2O3 ) 174
7.3.3 Zirconia (ZrO 2 ) 177
7.3.4 Carbon 179
7.3.5 Calcium phosphates (CaP) 180
7.3.6 Hydroxyapatite (HA) 183
7.3.7 Tricalcium phosphate (TCP) 186
7.3.8 Calcium sulfate (CaSO 4 ·H 2 O) 187
7.3.9 Bioactive glass 188
7.4 Nanoceramics 189
7.5 Summary 195
References 196
Suggested reading 196
Problems 196
8 Natural biomaterials 198
8.1 Collagen 199
8.2 Elastin 204
8.3 Silk 207
8.4 Chitosan 210
8.5 Cellulose 213
8.6 Alginate 217
8.7 Hyaluronan 223
8.8 Chondroitin sulfate 226
8.9 Coral 228
8.10 Summary 231
References 231
Suggested reading 231
Problems 232
9 Surface modification 233
9.1 Abrasive blasting 234
9.2 Plasma glow discharge treatments 237
9.2.1 Direct current glow discharge 239
9.2.2 Alternating current glow discharge 240
9.2.3 Capacitively coupled radiofrequency glow discharge 241
9.2.4 Inductively coupled radiofrequency glow discharge 242
9.3 Thermal spraying 243
9.4 Physical vapor deposition (PVD) 251
9.4.1 Evaporative deposition 252
9.4.2 Pulsed laser deposition 253
9.4.3 Sputter deposition 254
9.5 Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 261
9.6 Grafting 264
9.7 Self-assembled monolayer (SAM) 266
9.7.1 Patterning of self-assembled monolayers 271
9.8 Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly 274
9.8.1 Different layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly techniques 277
9.9 Summary 279
References 279
Suggested reading 280
Problems 280
10 Sterilization of biomedical implants 282
10.1 Common terminology 282
10.2 Steam sterilization 283
10.3 Ethylene oxide sterilization 285
10.4 Gamma radiation sterilization 287
10.5 Other sterilization methods 289
10.5.1 Dry heat sterilization 289
10.5.2 Formaldehyde and glutaraldehyde treatments 290
10.5.3 Phenolic and hypochlorite solution treatments 290
10.5.4 Ultraviolet (UV) radiation 290
10.5.5 Electron beam sterilization 291
10.6 Recently developed methods 291
10.6.1 Low-temperature gas plasma treatment 291
10.6.2 Gaseous chlorine dioxide treatment 292
10.7 Summary 292
References 293
Suggested reading 293
Problems 294
11 Cell–biomaterial interactions 295
11.1 The extracellular environment 297
11.2 Extracellular matrix mimics 309
11.3 Cell interactions with non-cellular substrates 309
11.4 Biocompatibility testing and techniques 314
11.4.1 Immunostaining techniques for studying cell–ECM interactions 316
11.4.2 Profiling a cell line for its ECM binding characteristics 317
11.4.3 Immunoprecipitation and Western blotting 318
11.5 Summary 319
Reference 319
Suggested reading 319
Problems 320
12 Drug delivery systems 321
12.1 Diffusion controlled drug delivery systems 323
12.1.1 Membrane controlled reservoir systems 323
12.1.2 Monolithic matrix systems 324
12.2 Water penetration controlled drug delivery systems 325
12.2.1 Osmotic pressure controlled drug delivery systems 326
12.2.2 Swelling controlled drug delivery system 327
12.3 Chemically controlled drug delivery systems 328
12.3.1 Polymer–drug dispersion systems 328
12.3.2 Polymer–drug conjugate systems 329
12.4 Responsive drug delivery systems 331
12.4.1 Temperature-responsive drug delivery systems 331
12.4.2 pH-responsive drug delivery systems 332
12.4.3 Solvent-responsive drug delivery systems 333
12.4.4 Ultrasound-responsive drug delivery systems 333
12.4.5 Electrically responsive drug delivery systems 334
12.4.6 Magnetic-sensitive drug delivery systems 334
12.5 Particulate systems 335
12.5.1 Polymeric microparticles 335
12.5.2 Polymeric micelles 336
12.5.3 Liposomes 336
12.6 Summary 337
References 339
Suggested reading 339
Problems 340
13 Tissue engineering 341
13.1 Tissue engineering approaches 342
13.1.1 Assessment of medical need 342
13.1.2 Selecting a tissue engineering strategy 343
13.2 Cells 344
13.2.1 Stem cells 345
13.2.2 Biopreservation of cells 347
13.3 Scaffold properties 349
13.4 Fabrication techniques for polymeric scaffolds 350
13.4.1 Solvent casting and particulate leaching 350
13.4.2 Electrospinning 350
13.4.3 Solid freeform fabrication (SFFF) 351
13.5 Fabrication of natural polymer scaffolds 354
13.6 Fabrication techniques for ceramic scaffolds 357
13.6.1 Template sponge coating 357
13.6.2 Non-sintering techniques 357
13.7 Assessment of scaffold architecture 358
13.8 Cell seeded scaffolds 361
13.8.1 Cell culture bioreactors 361
13.8.2 Cell seeding 363
13.8.3 Growth factors 364
13.8.4 Mechanical modulation 366
13.9 Assessment of cell and tissue properties 367
13.9.1 Cellular properties 367
13.9.2 Tissue properties 371
13.10 Challenges in tissue engineering 372
13.11 Summary 373
References 373
Suggested reading 373
Problems 374
14 Clinical applications 375
14.1 Cardiovascular assist devices 376
14.2 Cardiovascular stents 378
14.3 Dental restoration 381
14.4 Dental implants 384
14.5 Neural prostheses 386
14.6 Opthalmology 387
14.7 Orthopedic implants 390
14.8 Renal 393
14.9 Skin applications 394
14.10 Summary 397
Additional reading 397
Problems 397
Index 399
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