| Author: |
B.M. Cooke, D. Gareth Jones & B. Kaye
|
| Release at: | 2006 |
| Pages: | 584 |
| Edition: |
2nd Edition
|
| File Size: | 7 MB |
| File Type: | |
| Language: | English |
Description of The Epidemiology of Plant Diseases
The Epidemiology of Plant Diseases by 2nd Edition written by B.M. Cooke for plant pathology study available in (PDF/) to get a free download. Since the first edition of this book was published in 1998 by Kluwer Academic Publishers, I have been inspired to produce a second edition of the text but in a format that would make it much more affordable to senior research & research worker students working and studying in plant disease epidemiology. The inspiration for the first edition came solely from the volume around the time of his retirement by D. G. Jones from the Aberystwyth, the University of Wales, where I studied for both degrees in the Department of Agricultural Botany, & whereas an undergraduate was taught almost everything about plant pathology, and carried out the epidemiology postgraduate research of Septoria diseases of wheat, under the supervision of DGJ. This research was the first attempt to evaluate the importance of the two diseases under UK conditions, and work was greatly inspired by the late Ellis Griffiths.
DGJ agreed late in 2003 that a second edition of the book should be put in train, so reducing the cost compared to the first edition published in hardbound only. The Epidemiology of Plant Diseases book publication by Springer, dealing with this publisher made the task easier, as being the Editor in Chief of the European Journal of Plant Pathology, I had already established the necessary publishing contacts within the organization in Dordrecht, The Netherlands Zuzana Bernhart and Ineke Ravesloot who have been most helpful at all times.
The next task was to revise their chapter contributions and persuade in the light of the rapid modern developments in plant disease epidemiology that have occurred since the 1st edition was published and named its molecular diagnostics and information technology. I need not have worried. The response has been truly amazing. Although this 2nd edition follows largely the pattern of the first, all chapters have been updated by the original authors, & significant contributions added by new authors who are at the cutting edge of their respective fields. Again the text is divided into two parts: Principles, Methods, & Case Examples. The result is a comprehensive text on all aspects of the epidemiology of plant diseases that should serve as an invaluable reference work for those involved in this fascinating and dynamic science of crop plants.
Content of The Epidemiology of Plant Diseases
Part One: Principles and Methods
1 Plant disease diagnosis 1
R.T.V. Fox and H.P. Narra
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Choice of diagnostic 3
1.3 Diagnosis by conventional techniques 4
1.4 Use of immunological reactions 7
1.5 Methods based on the nucleic acids of pathogens 15
1.6 Future trends in diagnosis 28
References 32
2 Disease assessment and yield loss 43
B.M. Cooke
2.1 Introduction 43
2.2 Why assess disease & yield loss in plants? 44
2.3 Methods used in sampling plants for disease 44
2.4 Timing and frequency of disease assessment 46
2.5 Methods of disease assessment 51
2.6 Assessment of yield loss 67
2.7 Conclusions and future developments 73
References 75
3 Surveys of variation in virulence and fungicide resistance and their application to disease control 81
James K.M. Brown
3.1 Introduction 81
3.2 Characterising individual pathogens 81
3.3 Populations and samples 88
3.4 Molecular detection of virulence and fungicide resistance 91
3.5 Characterising pathogen populations 96
3.6 Applications of pathogen survey data 100
3.7 Dissemination of survey results 107
3.8 Pathogen surveys and disease management 109
Acknowledgement 109
References 110
4 Infection strategies of plant-parasitic fungi 117
C. Struck
4.1 Introduction 117
4.2 The pre-penetration phase 118
4.3 Entering the plant tissue 120
4.4 Strategies for colonizing the host tissue 126
4.5 Concluding remarks 131
References 131
5 Epidemiological consequences of plant disease resistance 139
M.L. Deadman
5.1 Introduction 139
5.2 Horizontal resistance 140
5.3 Vertical resistance 145
5.4 Cultivar mixtures 148
5.5 Induced resistance 150
5.6 Non-host immunity 153
5.7 Tolerance 153
References 156
6 Dispersal of foliar plant pathogens: mechanisms, gradients and spatial patterns 159
H.A. McCartney, B.D.L. Fitt and J.S. West
6.1 Introduction 159
6.2 Underlying mechanisms: spore dispersal 160
6.3 Spore deposition and disease gradients 174
6.4 Disease spread: modelling development of foci 180
6.5 Conclusions 185
Acknowledgements 185
References 186
7 Pathogen population dynamics 193
M.W. Shaw
7.1 Introduction 193
7.2 The measurement of populations 193
7.3 Time-scales 195
7.4 Changes in populations 196
7.5 Density-dependent and density-independent factors 197
7.6 Short-term change in a static host population 197
7.7 Affected host tissue and pathogen multiply at comparable rates 201
7.8 Changes over time-scales longer than either crop or pathogen lifetime 202
7.9 Spatial population structure 208
Appendix 7A 211
References 211
8 Modelling and interpreting disease progress in time 215
Xiangming Xu
8.1 Introduction 215
8.2 General considerations 216
8.3 Analysing individual epidemics 217
8.4 Reducing data dimension 226
8.5 Comparing epidemics 229
8.6 Concluding remarks 235
References 235
9 Disease forecasting 239
N.V. Hardwick
9.1 Introduction 239
9.2 What is forecasting? 240
9.3 Polycyclic and monocyclic diseases 242
9.4 Equipment 242
9.5 Forecasting schemes 243
9.6 Potatoes 244
9.7 Cereals 251
9.8 Oilseed rape 258
9.9 Conclusions 260
References 264
10 Diversification strategies 269
Maria R. Finckh and Martin S. Wolfe
10.1 Introduction 269
10.2 Definitions 271
10.3 Benefits from spacial diversification: small-scale 273
10.4 Benefits of diversification in time (crop rotation) 285
10.5 Diversity and interactions 287
10.6 Responses of pest and pathogen populations to diversification strategies 288
10.7 Diversification strategies in practice 293
10.8 Conclusions 296
References 297
11 Epidemiology in sustainable systems 309
R.J. Cook and D.J. Yarham
11.1 Introduction 309
11.2 Inoculum 310
11.3 Disease development 319
11.4 Control strategies 324
11.5 Conclusions 330
Acknowledgement 331
References 332
12 Information technology in plant disease epidemiology 335
Adrian Newton, Neil McRoberts and Gareth Hughes
12.1 Introduction 335
12.2 Definition of IT in plant disease epidemiology 336
12.3 The world according to ‘Google’ 337
12.4 Real-world data capture 339
12.5 Information accumulation or dissemination? 340
12.6 Bringing together disciplines 342
12.7 Models, expert systems and decision support systems 343
12.8 Some examples of DSS 345
12.9 Disease forecasting & decision making in an information theory framework 346
12.10 Where next? 354
12.11 Conclusions 355
Acknowledgements 355
References 356
Part Two: Case Examples
13 Seedborne diseases 357
W.J. Rennie and Valerie Cockerell
13.1 Introduction 357
13.2 Epidemiology 358
13.3 Case studies 361
13.4 Future developments 368
References 369
14 Diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens 373
P. Lucas
14.1 Introduction 373
14.2 The soil-borne disease epidemic 374
14.3 Modelling soil-borne disease epidemiology 379
14.4 Conclusion 384
References 384
15 Wind-dispersed diseases 387
B. Hau and C. de Vallavieille-Pope
15.1 Introduction 387
15.2 Meteorological and biotic effects on the phases of the asexual life cycle 388
15.3 Survival and sexual state 402
15.4 Population dynamics 404
15.5 Concluding remarks 406
References 408
16 Environmental biophysics applied to the dispersal of fungal spores by rain-splash 417
L. Huber, L. Madden and B.D.L. Fitt
16.1 Introduction 417
16.2 Removal of spores by splash of single incident drops 417
16.3 From a single impacting raindrop to splash droplets 419
16.4 Influence of target characteristics on splash parameters 425
16.5 Relevant characteristics of rainfall-canopy interactions 430
16.6 Characterizing rainfall in relation to splash-dispersed pathogen diseases 435
16.7 Concluding remarks 439
References 441
17 Potato late blight 445
Eduardo S.G. Mizubuti and William E. Fry
17.1 Introduction 445
17.2 Population biology of P. infestans 446
17.3 Pathogen biology 450
17.4 Late blight management 457
17.5 Concluding remarks 464
References 465
18 Apple scab: role of environment in pathogen and epidemic development 473
A.L. Jones and G.W. Sundin
18.1 Introduction 473
18.2 Aetiology of apple scab 473
18.3 Predicting apple scab risk based on the physical environment 475
18.4 Predicting apple scab risk based on primary inoculum levels 481
18.5 Summary 485
Acknowledgement 486
References 486
19 Onion diseases 491
R.B. Maude
19.1 Introduction: world onions 491
19.2 Onion diseases 493
19.3 Case histories: seed-borne diseases 493
19.4 Case histories: foliar diseases 497
19.5 Case histories: soilborne diseases 506
19.6 Concluding remarks 512
Acknowledgements 513
References 513
20 The recent epidemic of cassava mosaic virus disease in Uganda 521
G.W. Otim-Nape and J.M. Thresh
20.1 Introduction 521
20.2 Cassava and cassava mosaic disease in Africa 522
20.3 Cassava and cassava mosaic disease in Uganda 525
20.4 The 1990s epidemic in Uganda 526
20.5 General epidemiological features of cassava mosaic disease 544
References 546
Index 551
1 Plant disease diagnosis 1
R.T.V. Fox and H.P. Narra
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Choice of diagnostic 3
1.3 Diagnosis by conventional techniques 4
1.4 Use of immunological reactions 7
1.5 Methods based on the nucleic acids of pathogens 15
1.6 Future trends in diagnosis 28
References 32
2 Disease assessment and yield loss 43
B.M. Cooke
2.1 Introduction 43
2.2 Why assess disease & yield loss in plants? 44
2.3 Methods used in sampling plants for disease 44
2.4 Timing and frequency of disease assessment 46
2.5 Methods of disease assessment 51
2.6 Assessment of yield loss 67
2.7 Conclusions and future developments 73
References 75
3 Surveys of variation in virulence and fungicide resistance and their application to disease control 81
James K.M. Brown
3.1 Introduction 81
3.2 Characterising individual pathogens 81
3.3 Populations and samples 88
3.4 Molecular detection of virulence and fungicide resistance 91
3.5 Characterising pathogen populations 96
3.6 Applications of pathogen survey data 100
3.7 Dissemination of survey results 107
3.8 Pathogen surveys and disease management 109
Acknowledgement 109
References 110
4 Infection strategies of plant-parasitic fungi 117
C. Struck
4.1 Introduction 117
4.2 The pre-penetration phase 118
4.3 Entering the plant tissue 120
4.4 Strategies for colonizing the host tissue 126
4.5 Concluding remarks 131
References 131
5 Epidemiological consequences of plant disease resistance 139
M.L. Deadman
5.1 Introduction 139
5.2 Horizontal resistance 140
5.3 Vertical resistance 145
5.4 Cultivar mixtures 148
5.5 Induced resistance 150
5.6 Non-host immunity 153
5.7 Tolerance 153
References 156
6 Dispersal of foliar plant pathogens: mechanisms, gradients and spatial patterns 159
H.A. McCartney, B.D.L. Fitt and J.S. West
6.1 Introduction 159
6.2 Underlying mechanisms: spore dispersal 160
6.3 Spore deposition and disease gradients 174
6.4 Disease spread: modelling development of foci 180
6.5 Conclusions 185
Acknowledgements 185
References 186
7 Pathogen population dynamics 193
M.W. Shaw
7.1 Introduction 193
7.2 The measurement of populations 193
7.3 Time-scales 195
7.4 Changes in populations 196
7.5 Density-dependent and density-independent factors 197
7.6 Short-term change in a static host population 197
7.7 Affected host tissue and pathogen multiply at comparable rates 201
7.8 Changes over time-scales longer than either crop or pathogen lifetime 202
7.9 Spatial population structure 208
Appendix 7A 211
References 211
8 Modelling and interpreting disease progress in time 215
Xiangming Xu
8.1 Introduction 215
8.2 General considerations 216
8.3 Analysing individual epidemics 217
8.4 Reducing data dimension 226
8.5 Comparing epidemics 229
8.6 Concluding remarks 235
References 235
9 Disease forecasting 239
N.V. Hardwick
9.1 Introduction 239
9.2 What is forecasting? 240
9.3 Polycyclic and monocyclic diseases 242
9.4 Equipment 242
9.5 Forecasting schemes 243
9.6 Potatoes 244
9.7 Cereals 251
9.8 Oilseed rape 258
9.9 Conclusions 260
References 264
10 Diversification strategies 269
Maria R. Finckh and Martin S. Wolfe
10.1 Introduction 269
10.2 Definitions 271
10.3 Benefits from spacial diversification: small-scale 273
10.4 Benefits of diversification in time (crop rotation) 285
10.5 Diversity and interactions 287
10.6 Responses of pest and pathogen populations to diversification strategies 288
10.7 Diversification strategies in practice 293
10.8 Conclusions 296
References 297
11 Epidemiology in sustainable systems 309
R.J. Cook and D.J. Yarham
11.1 Introduction 309
11.2 Inoculum 310
11.3 Disease development 319
11.4 Control strategies 324
11.5 Conclusions 330
Acknowledgement 331
References 332
12 Information technology in plant disease epidemiology 335
Adrian Newton, Neil McRoberts and Gareth Hughes
12.1 Introduction 335
12.2 Definition of IT in plant disease epidemiology 336
12.3 The world according to ‘Google’ 337
12.4 Real-world data capture 339
12.5 Information accumulation or dissemination? 340
12.6 Bringing together disciplines 342
12.7 Models, expert systems and decision support systems 343
12.8 Some examples of DSS 345
12.9 Disease forecasting & decision making in an information theory framework 346
12.10 Where next? 354
12.11 Conclusions 355
Acknowledgements 355
References 356
Part Two: Case Examples
13 Seedborne diseases 357
W.J. Rennie and Valerie Cockerell
13.1 Introduction 357
13.2 Epidemiology 358
13.3 Case studies 361
13.4 Future developments 368
References 369
14 Diseases caused by soil-borne pathogens 373
P. Lucas
14.1 Introduction 373
14.2 The soil-borne disease epidemic 374
14.3 Modelling soil-borne disease epidemiology 379
14.4 Conclusion 384
References 384
15 Wind-dispersed diseases 387
B. Hau and C. de Vallavieille-Pope
15.1 Introduction 387
15.2 Meteorological and biotic effects on the phases of the asexual life cycle 388
15.3 Survival and sexual state 402
15.4 Population dynamics 404
15.5 Concluding remarks 406
References 408
16 Environmental biophysics applied to the dispersal of fungal spores by rain-splash 417
L. Huber, L. Madden and B.D.L. Fitt
16.1 Introduction 417
16.2 Removal of spores by splash of single incident drops 417
16.3 From a single impacting raindrop to splash droplets 419
16.4 Influence of target characteristics on splash parameters 425
16.5 Relevant characteristics of rainfall-canopy interactions 430
16.6 Characterizing rainfall in relation to splash-dispersed pathogen diseases 435
16.7 Concluding remarks 439
References 441
17 Potato late blight 445
Eduardo S.G. Mizubuti and William E. Fry
17.1 Introduction 445
17.2 Population biology of P. infestans 446
17.3 Pathogen biology 450
17.4 Late blight management 457
17.5 Concluding remarks 464
References 465
18 Apple scab: role of environment in pathogen and epidemic development 473
A.L. Jones and G.W. Sundin
18.1 Introduction 473
18.2 Aetiology of apple scab 473
18.3 Predicting apple scab risk based on the physical environment 475
18.4 Predicting apple scab risk based on primary inoculum levels 481
18.5 Summary 485
Acknowledgement 486
References 486
19 Onion diseases 491
R.B. Maude
19.1 Introduction: world onions 491
19.2 Onion diseases 493
19.3 Case histories: seed-borne diseases 493
19.4 Case histories: foliar diseases 497
19.5 Case histories: soilborne diseases 506
19.6 Concluding remarks 512
Acknowledgements 513
References 513
20 The recent epidemic of cassava mosaic virus disease in Uganda 521
G.W. Otim-Nape and J.M. Thresh
20.1 Introduction 521
20.2 Cassava and cassava mosaic disease in Africa 522
20.3 Cassava and cassava mosaic disease in Uganda 525
20.4 The 1990s epidemic in Uganda 526
20.5 General epidemiological features of cassava mosaic disease 544
References 546
Index 551
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